Development and staging of the water flea Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820; Cladocera, Daphniidae) based on morphological landmarks

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• 作者：Beate Mittmann (1)
  Petra Ungerer (2)
  Marleen Klann (2)
  Angelika Stollewerk (2)
  Carsten Wolff (3)
  
  1. Albert-Ludwigs-Universit盲t Freiburg ; Institut f眉r Biologie III ; Neurogenetik ; Lab. 5006 ; Sch盲nzlestrasse 1 ; 79104 ; Freiburg ; Germany
  2. Queen Mary University London ; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences ; Mile End Road ; E1 4NS ; London ; UK
  3. Humboldt-Universit盲t zu Berlin ; Vergleichende Zoologie ; Philippstrasse 13 ; Haus 2 ; 10115 ; Berlin ; Germany
  
• 关键词：Daphnia magna ; Embryonic development ; Staging system ; Morphogenesis ; Cladocerans ; Water flea
• 刊名：EvoDevo
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：December 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：5
• 期：1
• 全文大小：4,234 KB
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• 刊物主题：Developmental Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Zoology; Paleontology; Plant Genetics & Genomics;
• 出版者：BioMed Central
• ISSN：2041-9139

文摘

Background Crustaceans of the genus Daphnia are one of the oldest model organisms in ecotoxicology, ecology and evolutionary biology. The publication of the Daphnia pulex genome has facilitated the development of genetic tools to answer long-standing questions in these research fields (Science 331: 555-561, 2011). A particular focus is laid on understanding the genetic basis of the striking ability of daphnids to change their phenotype in response to environmental stressors. Furthermore, Daphnia have recently been developed into crustacean model organisms for EvoDevo research, contributing to the ongoing attempt to resolve arthropod phylogeny. These problems require the comparative analyses of gene expression and functional data, which in turn require a standardized developmental staging system for Daphnia. Results Here we provide a detailed staging system of the embryonic development of Daphnia magna based on morphological landmarks. The staging system does not rely on developmental hours and is therefore suitable for functional and ecological experiments, which often cause developmental delays in affected embryos and thus shifts in time reference points. We provide a detailed description of each stage and include schematic drawings of all stages showing relevant morphological landmarks in order to facilitate the application of this staging scheme. Conclusion We present here a staging system for Daphnia magna, which is based on morphological landmarks. The staging system can be adopted for other daphnids with minor variations since the sequence of development is highly conserved during early stages and only minor heterochronic shifts occur in late embryonic stages.