Cross-fostering mismatches parent-offspring behaviors but this does not entail costs to family life

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• 作者：Natalia Estramil (1)
  Marcel Eens (1)
  Wendt Müller (1)
  
• 关键词：Phenotypic plasticity ; Environmental effects ; Parent ; offspring conflict ; Maternal effects
• 刊名：Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：June 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：68
• 期：6
• 页码：1019-1028
• 全文大小：
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• 作者单位：Natalia Estramil (1)
  Marcel Eens (1)
  Wendt Müller (1)
  
  1. Department of Biology-Ethology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
  
• ISSN：1432-0762

文摘

Early family life is characterized by a close interaction between parents and their offspring. This needs to be disentangled when studying the ontogeny and evolution of a given behavior—e.g. via cross-fostering. But cross-fostering may change the expression of parent and offspring behaviors as they may respond to the novel environment. Furthermore, parent and offspring traits are potentially co-adjusted and cross-fostering may, therefore, introduce a costly mismatch. To study such consequences of cross-fostering, we created an experimental group (EG) of broods raised by foster parents from day 3 onwards and a control group of broods raised by their biological parents throughout. We tested offspring begging intensity in all broods and the provisioning of the EG-parents only, both on day 3 just before cross-fostering and then again on day 5. Costs were estimated in terms of growth and survival (offspring costs) and mass of a second clutch (parental costs). Offspring begging intensity varied with age, but this change was neither affected by cross-fostering per se nor by small-scale differences in parental provisioning between biological and foster parents. Similarly, the change in parental provisioning with offspring age among the EG-parents was not affected by the difference in begging between biological and foster nestlings. This lack in behavioral plasticity in response to cross-fostering did not entail costs to neither of the parties. Our results suggest a rather predetermined pattern of behavioral expression, which may be shaped by limits and costs to plasticity and/or an (apparent) lack of costs of a behavioral mismatch.