Ecological Engineering Practices for the Reduction of Excess Nitrogen in Human-Influenced Landscapes: A Guide for Watershed Managers

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• 作者：Elodie Passeport (1)
  Philippe Vidon (2)
  Kenneth J. Forshay (3)
  Lora Harris (4)
  Sujay S. Kaushal (5)
  Dorothy Q. Kellogg (6)
  Julia Lazar (6)
  Paul Mayer (7)
  Emilie K. Stander (8)
  
• 关键词：Ecological engineering ; Nitrogen removal ; Watershed ; Land use ; Aquatic ecosystems ; Decision making
• 刊名：Environmental Management
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：February 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：51
• 期：2
• 页码：392-413
• 全文大小：1446KB
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• 作者单位：Elodie Passeport (1)
  Philippe Vidon (2)
  Kenneth J. Forshay (3)
  Lora Harris (4)
  Sujay S. Kaushal (5)
  Dorothy Q. Kellogg (6)
  Julia Lazar (6)
  Paul Mayer (7)
  Emilie K. Stander (8)
  
  1. Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
  2. College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, The State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
  3. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Ground Water and Ecosystems Restoration Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, OK, 74820, USA
  4. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, USA
  5. Department of Geology and Earth System Science, Interdisciplinary Center College Park, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
  6. Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
  7. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, OK, 74820, USA
  8. American Association for the Advancement of Science/United States Agency for International Development, Office of Water, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
  
• ISSN：1432-1009

文摘

Excess nitrogen (N) in freshwater systems, estuaries, and coastal areas has well-documented deleterious effects on ecosystems. Ecological engineering practices (EEPs) may be effective at decreasing nonpoint source N leaching to surface and groundwater. However, few studies have synthesized current knowledge about the functioning principles, performance, and cost of common EEPs used to mitigate N pollution at the watershed scale. Our review describes seven EEPs known to decrease N to help watershed managers select the most effective techniques from among the following approaches: advanced-treatment septic systems, low-impact development (LID) structures, permeable reactive barriers, treatment wetlands, riparian buffers, artificial lakes and reservoirs, and stream restoration. Our results show a broad range of N-removal effectiveness but suggest that all techniques could be optimized for N removal by promoting and sustaining conditions conducive to biological transformations (e.g., denitrification). Generally, N-removal efficiency is particularly affected by hydraulic residence time, organic carbon availability, and establishment of anaerobic conditions. There remains a critical need for systematic empirical studies documenting N-removal efficiency among EEPs and potential environmental and economic tradeoffs associated with the widespread use of these techniques. Under current trajectories of N inputs, land use, and climate change, ecological engineering alone may be insufficient to manage N in many watersheds, suggesting that N-pollution source prevention remains a critical need. Improved understanding of N-removal effectiveness and modeling efforts will be critical in building decision support tools to help guide the selection and application of best EEPs for N management.