World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for management of skin and soft tissue infections

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Massimo Sartelli (1)
  Mark A Malangoni (2)
  Addison K May (3)
  Pierluigi Viale (4)
  Lillian S Kao (5)
  Fausto Catena (6)
  Luca Ansaloni (7)
  Ernest E Moore (8)
  Fred A Moore (9)
  Andrew B Peitzman (10)
  Raul Coimbra (11)
  Ari Leppaniemi (12)
  Yoram Kluger (13)
  Walter Biffl (9)
  Kaoru Koike (14)
  Massimo Girardis (15)
  Carlos A Ordonez (16)
  Mario Tavola (17)
  Miguel Cainzos (18)
  Salomone Di Saverio (19)
  Gustavo P Fraga (20)
  Igor Gerych (21)
  Michael D Kelly (22)
  Korhan Taviloglu (23)
  Imtiaz Wani (24)
  Sanjay Marwah (25)
  Miklosh Bala (26)
  Wagih Ghnnam (27)
  Nissar Shaikh (28)
  Osvaldo Chiara (29)
  Mario Paulo Faro Jr (30)
  Gerson Alves Pereira Jr (31)
  Carlos Augusto Gomes (32)
  Federico Coccolini (7)
  Cristian Tran脿 (1)
  Davide Corbella (33)
  Pietro Brambillasca (33)
  Yunfeng Cui (34)
  Helmut A Segovia Lohse (35)
  Vladimir Khokha (36)
  Kenneth YY Kok (37)
  Suk-Kyung Hong (38)
  Kuo-Ching Yuan (39)
  
  1. Department of Surgery ; Macerata Hospital ; Via Santa Lucia 2 ; Macerata ; 62019 ; Italy
  2. American Board of Surgery ; Philadelphia ; USA
  3. Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care ; Vanderbilt University Medical Center ; Nashville ; Tennessee ; USA
  4. Clinic of Infectious Diseases ; St Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital ; Bologna ; Italy
  5. Department of Surgery ; The University of Texas Medical School ; Houston ; USA
  6. Emergency Surgery Department ; Maggiore Parma Hospital ; Parma ; Italy
  7. General Surgery I ; Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital ; Bergamo ; Italy
  8. Department of Surgery ; Denver Health Medical Center ; Denver ; USA
  9. Department of Surgery ; University of Florida ; Gainesville ; Florida ; USA
  10. Department of Surgery ; University of Pittsburgh ; Medical Center ; Pittsburgh ; USA
  11. Department of Surgery ; UC San Diego Health System ; San Diego ; USA
  12. Department of Abdominal Surgery ; University Hospital Meilahti ; Helsinki ; Finland
  13. Department of General Surgery ; Rambam Health Care Campus ; Haifa ; Israel
  14. Department of Primary Care & Emergency Medicine ; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine ; Kyoto ; Japan
  15. Intensive Care Unit ; University of Modena ; Modena ; Italy
  16. Department of Surgery ; Fundaci贸n Valle del Lil铆 ; Universidad del Valle ; Cali ; Colombia
  17. Department of Anesthesia and ICU ; Villa Scazzi Hospital ; Genoa ; Italy
  18. Department of Surgery ; University of Santiago de Compostela ; Santiago de Compostela ; Spain
  19. Trauma Surgery Unit ; Maggiore Hospital ; Bologna ; Italy
  20. Division of Trauma Surgery ; Hospital de Clinicas ; School of Medical Sciences ; University of Campinas ; Campinas ; Brazil
  21. Department of Surgery 1 ; Lviv Regional Hospital ; DanyloHalytskyLviv National Medical University ; Lviv ; Ukraine
  22. Griffith Base Hospital ; Griffith ; NSW ; Australia
  23. Department of General Surgery ; Istanbul Doctor鈥檚 Center ; Istanbul ; Turkey
  24. Department of Surgery ; Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences ; Srinagar ; India
  25. Department of Surgery ; Pt BDS Post-graduate Institute of Medical Sciences ; Rohtak ; India
  26. General Surgery and Trauma Unit ; Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center ; Jerusalem ; Israel
  27. Department of Surgery Mansoura ; Faculty of medicine ; Mansoura University ; Mansoura ; Egypt
  28. Department of Anesthesia and ICU ; Hamad Medical Corporation ; Doha ; Qatar
  29. Emergency Department ; Niguarda Ca鈥橤randa Hospital ; Milan ; Italy
  30. Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery ; Trauma and Emergency Surgery Division ; ABC Medical School ; Santo Andr茅 ; SP ; Brazil
  31. Emergency Surgery and trauma Unit ; Department of Surgery ; Ribeir茫o ; Preto ; Brazil
  32. Hospital Universit谩rio Therezinha de Jesus ; Faculdade de Ci锚ncias M茅dicas e da Sa煤de de Juiz de Fora (SUPREMA) ; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) ; Minas Gerais ; Brasil
  33. Department of Anestesiology ; Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital ; Bergamo ; Italy
  34. Department of Surgery ; Tianjin Nankai Hospital ; Nankai Clinical School of Medicine ; Tianjin Medical University ; Tianjin ; China
  35. II C谩tedra de Cl铆nica Quir煤rgica ; Hospital de Cl铆nicas ; Universidad Nacional de Asunci贸n ; San Lorenzo ; Paraguay
  36. Department of Surgery ; Mozyr City Hospital ; Mozyr ; Belarus
  37. Department of Surgery ; Ripas Hospital ; Bandar Seri Begawan ; Brunei
  38. Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care ; Department of Surgery ; University of Ulsan ; Seoul ; Republic of Korea
  39. Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery ; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital ; Taipei ; Taiwan
  
• 刊名：World Journal of Emergency Surgery
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：December 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：9
• 期：1
• 全文大小：825 KB
• 参考文献：1. May, AK (2009) Skin and soft tissue infections. Surg Clin North Am 89: pp. 403-420
  2. Ustin, JS, Malangoni, MA (2011) Necrotizing soft-tissue infections. Crit Care Med 39: pp. 2156-2162
  3. Guyatt, G, Gutterman, D, Baumann, MH, Addrizzo-Harris, D, Hylek, EM, Phillips, B, Raskob, G, Lewis, SZ, Schunemann, H (2006) Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: Report from an American College of Chest Physicians task force. Chest 129: pp. 174-181
  4. Brozek, JL, Akl, EA, Jaeschke, R, Lang, DM, Bossuyt, P, Glasziou, P, Helfand, M, Ueffing, E, Alonso-Coello, P, Meerpohl, J, Phillips, B, Horvath, AR, Bousquet, J, Guyatt, GH, Schunemann, HJ (2009) Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines: Part 2 of 3. The GRADE approach to grading quality of evidence about diagnostic tests and strategies. Allergy 64: pp. 1109-1116
  5. Merlino, JI, Malangoni, MA (2007) Complicated skin and soft-tissue infections: diagnostic approach and empiric treatment options. Cleve Clin J Med 74: pp. S21-8
  6. Napolitano, LM (2009) Severe soft tissue infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 23: pp. 571-591
  7. Stevens, DL, Bisno, AL, Chambers, HF, Everett, ED, Dellinger, P, Goldstein, EJ, Gorbach, SL, Hirschmann, JV, Kaplan, EL, Montoya, JG, Wade, JC (2005) Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis 41: pp. 1373-406
  8. Eron, LJ, Lipsky, BA, Low, DE, Nathwani, D, Tice, AD, Volturo, GA (2003) Expert panel on managing skin and soft tissue infections. Managing skin and soft tissue infections: expert panel recommendations on key decision points. J Antimicrob Chemother 52: pp. i3-17
  9. May, AK, Stafford, RE, Bulger, EM, Heffernan, D, Guillamondegui, O, Bochicchio, G, Eachempati, SR (2009) Surgical Infection Society. Surgical Infection Society. Treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 10: pp. 467-499
  10. Lewis, RT (1998) Soft tissue infections. World J Surg 22: pp. 146-151
  11. Howell, GM, Rosengart, MR (2011) Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 12: pp. 185-190
  12. Phan, HH, Cocanour, CS (2010) Necrotizing soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 38: pp. S460-8
  13. Klevens, RM, Edwards, JR, Richards, CL, Horan, TC, Gaynes, RP, Pollock, DA, Cardo, DM (2002) Estimating health care鈥揳ssociated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals. Public Health Rep 122: pp. 160-167
  14. Kujath, P, Kujath, C (2010) Complicated skin, skin structure and soft tissue infections - are we threatened by multi-resistant pathogens?. Eur J Med Res 15: pp. 544-553
  15. Wheadle, WG (2006) Risk factors for surgical site infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 7: pp. S7-11
  16. Nelson, RL, Glenny, AM, Song, F (2009) Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 21: pp. CD001181
  17. Bratzler, DW, Dellinger, EP, Olsen, KM, Perl, TM, Auwaerter, PG, Bolon, MK, Fish, DN, Napolitano, LM, Sawyer, RG, Slain, D, Steinberg, JP, Weinstein, RA (2013) Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 14: pp. 73-156
  18. Eriksson, B, Jorup-Ronstrom, C, Karkkonen, K, Sjoblom, AC, Holm, SE (1996) Erysipelas: clinical and bacteriologic spectrum and serological aspects. Clin Infect Dis 23: pp. 1091-1098
  19. Morris, AD (2008) Cellulitis and erysipelas. Clin Evid (Online) 2: pp. 2008
  20. Llera, JL, Levy, RC (1985) Treatment of cutaneous abscess: a double-blind clinical study. Ann Emerg Med 14: pp. 15-19
  21. Macfie, J, Harvey, J (1977) The treatment of acute superficial abscesses: a prospective clinical trial. Br J Surg 64: pp. 264-266
  22. Binswanger, IA, Kral, AH, Bluthenthal, RN, Rybold, DJ, Edlin, BR (2000) High prevalence of abscesses and cellulitis among community-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis 30: pp. 579-581
  23. Lloyd-Smith, E, Kerr, T, Hogg, RS, Li, K, Montaner, JS, Wood, E (2005) Prevalence and correlates of abscesses among a cohort of injection drug users. Harm Reduct J 2: pp. 24
  24. Pollini, RA, Gallardo, M, Hasan, S, Minuto, J, Lozada, R, Vera, A, Z煤帽iga, ML, Strathdee, SA (2010) High prevalence of abscesses and self-treatment among injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico. Int J Infect Dis 14: pp. e117-22
  25. Khalil, PN, Huber-Wagner, S, Altheim, S, B眉rklein, D, Siebeck, M, Hallfeldt, K, Mutschler, W, Kanz, GG (2008) Diagnostic and treatment options for skin and soft tissue abscesses in injecting drug users with consideration of the natural history and concomitant risk factors. Eur J Med Res 13: pp. 415-424
  26. Brett, MM, Hood, J, Brazier, JS, Duerden, BI, Hahn茅, SJ (2005) Soft tissue infections caused by spore-forming bacteria in injecting drug users in the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect 133: pp. 575-582
  27. Spijkerman, IJ, van Ameijden, EJ, Mientjes, GH, Coutinho, RA, van den Hoek, A (1996) Human immunodeficiency virus infection and other risk factors for skin abscesses and endocarditis among injection drug users. J Clin Epidemiol 49: pp. 1149-1154
  28. Gilchrist, J, Sacks, JJ, White, D, Kresnow, MJ (2008) Dog bites: still a problem?. Inj Prev 14: pp. 296-301
  29. Goldstein, EJC (1992) Bite wounds and infections. Clin Infect Dis 14: pp. 633
  30. Weber, DJ, Hansen, AR (1991) Infections resulting from animal bites. Infect Dis Clin North Am 5: pp. 663
  31. Hackett, SP, Stevens, DL (1992) Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: synthesis of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 by monocytes stimulated with pyrogenic exotoxin A and streptolysin O. J Infect Dis 165: pp. 879-885
  32. Lancerotto, L, Tocco, I, Salmaso, R, Vindigni, V, Bassetto, F (2012) Necrotizing fasciitis: classification, diagnosis, and management. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 72: pp. 560-6
  33. Cainzos, M, Gonzalez-Rodriguez, FJ (2007) Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Curr Opin Crit Care 13: pp. 433-439
  34. Naqvi, GA, Malik, SA, Jan, W (2009) Necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity: a case report and current concept of diagnosis and management. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 17: pp. 28
  35. Salcido, RS (2007) Necrotizing fasciitis: reviewing the causes and treatment strategies. Adv Skin Wound Care 20: pp. 288-293
  36. Anaya, DA, McMahon, K, Nathens, AB, Sullivan, SR, Foy, H, Bulger, E (2005) Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections. Arch Surg 140: pp. 151-157
  37. Taviloglu, K, Cabioglu, N, Cagatay, A, Yanar, H, Ertekin, C, Baspinar, I, Ozsut, H, Guloglu, R (2005) Idiopathic necrotizing fasciitis: risk factors and strategies for management. Am Surg 71: pp. 315-320
  38. el Benjelloun, B1, Souiki, T, Yakla, N, Ousadden, A, Mazaz, K, Louchi, A, Kanjaa, N, Taleb, KA (2013) Fournier鈥檚 gangrene: our experience with 50 patients and analysis of factors affecting mortality. World J Emerg Surg 8: pp. 13
  39. Ghnnam, WM (2008) Fournier鈥檚 gangrene in Mansoura Egypt: A review of 74 cases. J Postgrad Med 54: pp. 106-109
  40. Ynar, H, Taviloglu, K, Ertekin, C, Guloglu, R, Zorba, U, Cabioglu, N, Baspinar, I (2006) Fournier鈥檚 gangrene: risk factors and strategies for management. World J Surg 30: pp. 1750-1754
  41. McCloud, JM, Doucas, H, Scott, AD, Jameson, JS (2007) Delayed presentation of life-threatening perineal sepsis following stapled haemorrhoidectomy: a case report. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 89: pp. 301-302
  42. Laor, E, Palmer, LS, Tolia, BM, Reid, RE, Winter, HI (1995) Outcome prediction in patients with Fournier's gangrene. J Urol 154: pp. 89-92
  43. Brook, I (2004) Microbiology and management of myositis. Int Orthop 28: pp. 257-260
  44. Dryden, MS (2010) Complicated skin and soft tissue infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 65: pp. iii35-44
  45. Jevons, MP (1961) Celbenin-resistant staphylococci. BMJ 1: pp. 124-125
  46. Moet, GJ, Jones, RN, Biedenbach, DJ, Stilwell, MG, Fritsche, TR (2007) Contemporary causes of skin and soft tissue infections in North America, Latin America, and Europe: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998鈥?004). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57: pp. 7-13
  47. Nathwani, D, Morgan, M, Masterton, RG, Dryden, M, Cookson, BD, French, G, Lewis, D (2008) Guidelines for UK practice for the diagnosis and management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections presenting in the community. J Antimicrob Chemother 61: pp. 976-994
  48. Vandenesch, F, Naimi, T, Enright, MC, Lina, G, Nimmo, GR, Heffernan, H, Liassine, N, Bes, M, Greenland, T, Reverdy, ME, Etienne, J (2003) Community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton鈥揤alentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 9: pp. 978-984
  49. Genestier, AL, Michallet, MC, Pr茅vost, G, Bellot, G, Chalabreysse, L, Peyrol, S, Thivolet, F, Etienne, J, Lina, G, Vallette, FM, Vandenesch, F, Genestier, L (2005) Staphylococcus aureus Panton鈥揤alentine leukocidin directly targets mitochondria and induces Bax-independent apoptosis of human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 115: pp. 3117-3127
  50. Liu, C, Bayer, A, Cosgrove, SE, Daum, RS, Fridkin, SK, Gorwitz, RJ, Kaplan, SL, Karchmer, AW, Levine, DP, Murray, BE, Rybak, JM, Talan, DA, Chambers, HF (2011) Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America for the treatment of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 52: pp. e18-55
  51. Awad, SS, Elhabash, SI, Lee, L, Farrow, B, Berger, DH (2007) Increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infections: reconsideration of empiric antimicrobial therapy. Am J Surg 194: pp. 606-610
  52. Moise-Broder, PA, Sakoulas, G, Eliopoulos, GM, Schentag, JJ, Forrest, A, Moellering, RC (2004) Accessory gene regulator group II polymorphism in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is predictive of failure of vancomycin therapy. Clin Infect Dis 38: pp. 1700-1705
  53. Falagas, ME, Siempos, II, Vardakas, KZ (2008) Linezolid versus glycopeptide or 尾-lactam for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis 8: pp. 53-66
  54. Itani, KM, Dryden, MS, Bhattacharyya, H, Kunkel, MJ, Baruch, AM, Weigelt, JA (2010) Efficacy and safety of linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections proven to be due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Surg 199: pp. 804-816
  55. Yue, J, Dong, BR, Yang, M, Chen, X, Wu, T, Liu, GJ (2013) Linezolid versus vancomycin for skin and soft tissue infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7: pp. CD008056
  56. Ellis-Grosse, EJ, Babinchak, T, Dartois, N, Rose, G, Loh, E (2005) The efficacy and safety of tigecycline in the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections: results of 2 double-blind phase 3 comparison studies with vancomycin-aztreonam. Clin Infect Dis 41: pp. S341-53
  57. Stein, GE, Smith, CL, Missavage, A, Saunders, JP, Nicolau, DP, Battjes, SM, Kepros, JP (2011) Tigecycline penetration into skin and soft tissue. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 12: pp. 465-467
  58. Seaton, RA (2008) Daptomycin: rationale and role in the management of skin and soft tissue infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 62: pp. iii15-23
  59. Bliziotis, IA, Plessa, E, Peppas, G, Falagas, ME (2010) Daptomycin versus other antimicrobial agents for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections: a meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 44: pp. 97-106
  60. Ruhe, JJ, Smith, N, Bradsher, RW, Menon, A (2007) Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections: impact of antimicrobial therapy on outcome. Clin Infect Dis 44: pp. 777-784
  61. Berger, A, Oster, G, Edelsberg, J, Huang, X, Weber, DJ (2013) Initial treatment failure in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 14: pp. 304-312
  62. Marshall, JC, Maier, RV, Jimenez, M, Dellinger, EP (2004) Source control in the management of severe sepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 32: pp. S513-26
  63. Keung, EZ, Liu, X, Nuzhad, A, Adams, C, Ashley, SW, Askari, R (2013) Immunocompromised status in patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infection. JAMA Surg 148: pp. 419-426
  64. May, AK, Stafford, RE, Bulger, EM, Heffernan, D, Guillamondegui, O, Bochicchio, G, Eachempati, SR (2009) Treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 10: pp. 467-469
  65. Swartz, MN (2004) Clinical practice: Cellulitis. N Engl J Med 350: pp. 904-912
  66. Stevens, DL, Gibbons, AE, Bergstrom, R, Winn, V (1988) The Eagle effect revisited: Efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis 158: pp. 23-28
  67. Rajan, S (2012) Skin and soft-tissue infections: classifying and treating a spectrum. Cleve Clin J Med 79: pp. 57-66
  68. Newell, PM, Norden, CW (1988) Value of needle aspiration in bacteriologic diagnosis of cellulitis in adults. J Clin Microbiol 26: pp. 401-404
  69. Brook, I, Frazier, EH (1990) Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of wounds and cutaneous abscesses. Arch Surg 125: pp. 1445-1451
  70. Wong, CH, Khin, LW, Heng, KS, Tan, KC, Low, CO (2004) The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit Care Med 32: pp. 1535
  71. Malghem, J, Lecouvet, FE, Omoumi, P, Maldague, BE, Vande Berg, BC (2013) Necrotizing fasciitis: contribution and limitations of diagnostic imaging. Joint Bone Spine 80: pp. 146-54
  72. Angoules, AG, Kontakis, G, Drakoulakis, E, Vrentzos, G, Granick, MS, Giannoudis, PV (2007) Necrotising fasciitis of upper and lower limb: a systematic review. Injury 38: pp. S19-26
  73. Walshaw, CF, Deans, H (1996) CT findings in necrotising fasciitis鈥攁 report of four cases. Clin Radiol 51: pp. 429-432
  74. Zacharias, N, Velmahos, GC, Salama, A, Alam, HB, de Moya, M, King, DR, Novelline, RA (2010) Diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infections by computed tomography. Arch Surg 145: pp. 452-455
  75. Kim, KT, Kim, YJ, Won Lee, J, Kim, YJ, Park, SW, Lim, MK, Suh, CH (2011) Can necrotizing infectious fasciitis be differentiated from nonnecrotizing infectious fasciitis with MR imaging?. Radiology 259: pp. 816-824
  76. Schmid, MR, Kossmann, T, Duewell, S (1998) Differentiation of necrotizing fasciitis and cellulitis using MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol 170: pp. 615-620
  77. Yen, ZS, Wang, HP, Ma, HM, Chen, SC, Chen, WJ (2002) Ultrasonographic screening of clinically-suspected necrotizing fasciitis. Acad Emerg Med 9: pp. 1448-1451
  78. Majeski, J, Majeski, E (1997) Necrotizing fasciitis: improved survival with early recognition by tissue biopsy and aggressive surgical treatment. South Med J 90: pp. 1065-1068
  79. Stamenkovic, I, Lew, PD (1984) Early recognition of potentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis: the use of frozen-section biopsy. N Engl J Med 310: pp. 1689-1693
  80. Anaya, DA, Dellinger, EP (2007) Necrotizing soft-tissue infection: diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 44: pp. 705-710
  81. Andreasen, TJ, Green, SD, Childers, BJ (2001) Massive infectious soft-tissue injury: diagnosis and management of necrotizing fasciitis and purpura fulminans. Plast Reconstr Surg 107: pp. 1025-1035
  82. McHenry, CR, Piotrowski, JJ, Petrinic, D, Malangoni, MA (1995) Determinants of mortality for necrotizing soft tissue infections. Ann Surg 221: pp. 558
  83. Bronder, CS, Cowey, A, Hill, J (2004) Delayed stoma formation in Fournier鈥檚 gangrene. Colorectal Dis 6: pp. 518-520
  84. Mallikarjuna, MN, Vijayakumar, A, Patil, VS, Shivswamy, BS (2012) Fournier鈥檚 Gangrene: Current Practices. ISRN Surg 2012: pp. 942437
  85. Estrada, O, Martinez, I, Del Bas, M, Salvans, S, Hidalgo, LA (2009) Rectal diversion without colostomy in Fournier鈥檚 gangrene. Tech Coloproctol 13: pp. 157-159
  86. Bilton, BD, Zibari, GB, McMillan, RW, Aultman, DF, Dunn, G, McDonald, JC (1998) Aggressive surgical management of necrotizing fasciitis serves to decrease mortality: a retrospective study. Am Surg 64: pp. 397-400
  87. Huang, WS, Hsieh, SC, Hsieh, CS, Schoung, JY, Huang, T (2006) Use to manage limb wounds in patients suffering from acute necrotizing fasciitis. Asian J Surg 29: pp. 135-139
  88. Silberstein, J, Grabowski, J, Parsons, JK (2008) Use of a vacuum-assisted device for Fournier鈥檚 gangrene: a new paradigm. Rev Urol 10: pp. 76-80
  89. Ozturk, E, Ozquc, H, Yilmazlar, T (2009) The use of vacuum-assisted closure therapy in the management of Fournier鈥檚 gangrene. Am J Surg 197: pp. 660-665
  90. George, ME, Rueth, NM, Skarda, DE, Chipman, JG, Quickel, RR, Beilman, GJ (2009) Hyperbaricoxygen does not improve outcome in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 10: pp. 21-28
  91. Soh, CR, Pietrobon, R, Freiberger, JJ, Chew, ST, Rajgor, D, Gandhi, M, Shah, J, Moon, RE (2012) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in necrotising soft tissue infections: a study of patients in the United States nationwide Inpatient Sample. Intensive Care Med 38: pp. 1143-1151
  92. Eskes, A, Vermeulen, H, Lucas, C, Ubbink, DT (2013) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treating acute surgical and traumatic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12: pp. CD008059
  93. Hassan, Z, Mullins, RF, Friedman, BC, Shaver, JR, Brandigi, C, Alam, B, Mian, MA (2010) Treating necrotizing fasciitis with or without hyperbaric oxygen Therapy. Undersea Hyperb Med 37: pp. 115-123
  94. Wong, CH, Chang, HC, Pasupathy, S, Khin, LW, Tan, JL, Low, CO (2003) Necrotizing fasciitis: linical presentation, microbiology, and determinants of mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85: pp. 1454-1460
  95. Elliot, D, Kufera, JA, Myers, RA (2000) The microbiology of necrotizing soft tissue infections. Am J Surg 179: pp. 361-366
  96. Sadasivan, J, Maroju, NK, Balasubramaniam, A (2013) Necrotizing fasciitis. Indian J Plast Surg 46: pp. 472-8
  97. Miller, LG, Perdreau-Remington, F, Rieg, G, Mehdi, S, Perlroth, J, Bayer, AS, Tang, AW, Phung, TO, Spellberg, B (2005) Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med 352: pp. 1445-1453
  98. King, MD, Humphrey, BJ, Wang, YF, Kourbatova, EV, Ray, SM, Blumberg, HM (2006) Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann Intern Med 144: pp. 309-317
  99. Coyle, EA, Cha, R, Rybak, MJ (2003) Influences of linezolid, penicillin, and clindamycin, alone and in combination, on streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin a release. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: pp. 1752-1755
  100. Stevens, DL, Ma, Y, Salmi, DB, McIndoo, E, Wallace, RJ, Bryant, AE (2007) Impact of antibiotics on expression of virulence-associated exotoxin genes in methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 195: pp. 202-211
  101. Smeets, L, Bous, A, Heymans, O (2007) Necrotizing fasciitis: case report and review of literature. Acta Chir Belg 107: pp. 29-36
  102. Angus, DC, van der Poll, T (2013) Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 369: pp. 840-851
  103. Dellinger, RP, Mitchell Levy, M, Andrew, R, Djillali, A (2013) Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Intensive Care Med 39: pp. 165-228
  104. Aduen, J, Bernstein, WK, Khastgir, T, Miller, J, Kerzner, R, Bhatiani, A, Lustgarten, J, Bassin, AS, Davison, L, Chernow, B (1994) The use and clinical importance of a substrate-specific electrode for rapid determination of blood lactate concentrations. JAMA 272: pp. 1678-1685
  105. Mikkelsen, ME, Miltiades, AN, Gaieski, DF, Goyal, M, Fuchs, BD, Shah, CV, Bellamy, SL, Christie, JD (2009) Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis independent of organ failure and shock. Crit Care Med 37: pp. 1670-1677
  106. Trzeciak, S, Dellinger, RP, Chansky, ME, Arnold, RC, Schorr, C, Milcarek, B, Hollenberg, SM, Parrillo, JE (2007) Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in patients with infection. Intensive Care Med 33: pp. 970-977
  107. Shapiro, NI, Howell, MD, Talmor, D, Nathanson, LA, Lisbon, A, Wolfe, RE, Weiss, JW (2005) Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with infection. Ann Emerg Med 45: pp. 524-528
  108. Pearse, RM (2009) Extending the role of lactate measurement into the prehospital environment. Crit Care 13: pp. 115
  109. Nguyen, HB, Rivers, EP, Knoblich, BP, Jacobsen, G, Muzzin, A, Ressler, JA, Tomlanovich, MC (2004) Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 32: pp. 1637-1642
  110. Perel, P, Roberts, I (2011) Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: pp. CD000567
  111. Darenberg, J, Ihendyane, N, Sj枚lin, J, Aufwerber, E, Haidl, S, Follin, P, Andersson, J, Norrby-Teglund, A (2003) Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a European randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 37: pp. 333-340
  112. Schrage, B, Duan, G, Yang, LP, Fraser, JD, Proft, T (2006) Different preparations of intravenous immunoglobulin vary in their efficacy to neutralize streptococcal superantigens: implications for treatment of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 43: pp. 743-746
  113. Childers, BJ, Potyondy, LD, Nachreiner, R, Rogers, FR, Childers, ER, Oberg, KC, Hendricks, DL, Hardesty, RA (2002) Necrotizing fasciitis: a fourteen-year retrospective study of 163 consecutive patients. Am Surg 68: pp. 109-116
  114. Uehara, M, Plank, LD, Hill, GL (1999) Components of energy expenditure in patients with severe sepsis and major trauma: a basis for clinical care. Crit Care Med 27: pp. 1295-1302
  115. Krishnan, JA, Parce, PB, Martinez, A, Diette, GB, Brower, RG (2003) Caloric intake in medical ICU patients: consistency of care with guidelines and relationship to clinical outcomes. Chest 124: pp. 297-305
  116. Villet, S, Chiolero, RL, Bollmann, MD, Revelly, JP, Cayeux, RNMC, Delarue, J, Berger, MM (2005) Negative impact of hypocaloric feeding and energy balance on clinical outcome in ICU patients. Clin Nutr 24: pp. 502-509
  
• 刊物主题：Emergency Medicine; Traumatic Surgery;
• 出版者：BioMed Central
• ISSN：1749-7922

文摘

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) encompass a variety of pathological conditions ranging from simple superficial infections to severe necrotizing soft tissue infections. Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are potentially life-threatening infections of any layer of the soft tissue compartment associated with widespread necrosis and systemic toxicity. Successful management of NSTIs involves prompt recognition, timely surgical debridement or drainage, resuscitation and appropriate antibiotic therapy. A worldwide international panel of experts developed evidence-based guidelines for management of soft tissue infections. The multifaceted nature of these infections has led to a collaboration among surgeons, intensive care and infectious diseases specialists, who have shared these guidelines, implementing clinical practice recommendations.