Ocular Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Elena Generali ; Luca Cantarini ; Carlo Selmi
• 关键词：Rheumatoid arthritis ; Systemic lupus erythematous ; ANCA ; associated vasculitis ; Uveitis ; Biologics ; Spondyloarthritis
• 刊名：Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：December 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：49
• 期：3
• 页码：263-270
• 全文大小：389 KB
• 参考文献：1.Gaubitz M (2006) Epidemiology of connective tissue disorders. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45 Suppl 3:iii3-4. doi:10.鈥?093/鈥媟heumatology/鈥媖el282
  2.Selmi C, Brunetta E, Raimondo MG, Meroni PL (2012) The X chromosome and the sex ratio of autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 11(6鈥?):A531鈥?37. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媋utrev.鈥?011.鈥?1.鈥?24 CrossRef PubMed
  3.Selmi C (2010) The worldwide gradient of autoimmune conditions. Autoimmun Rev 9(5):A247鈥?50. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媋utrev.鈥?010.鈥?2.鈥?04 CrossRef PubMed
  4.McCluskey P, Powell RJ (2004) The eye in systemic inflammatory diseases. Lancet 364(9451):2125鈥?133. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥婼0140-6736(04)17554-5 CrossRef PubMed
  5.Kourilovitch M, Galarza-Maldonado C, Ortiz-Prado E (2014) Diagnosis and classification of rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 48鈥?9:26鈥?0. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?014.鈥?1.鈥?27 CrossRef PubMed
  6.Bascherini V, Granato C, Lopalco G, Emmi G, Vannozzi L, Bacherini D, Franceschini R, Iannone F, Salerni A, Molinaro F, Messina M, Frediani B, Selmi C, Rigante D, Cantarini L (2015) The protean ocular involvement in monogenic autoinflammatory diseases: state of the art. Clin Rheumatol 34(7):1171鈥?180. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠10067-015-2920-3 CrossRef PubMed
  7.Kobak S, Deveci H (2010) Retinopathy due to antimalarial drugs in patients with connective tissue diseases: are they so innocent? A single center retrospective study. Int J Rheum Dis 13(3):e11鈥?5. doi:10.鈥?111/鈥媕.鈥?756-185X.鈥?010.鈥?1478.鈥媥 CrossRef PubMed
  8.Akpek EK, Gottsch JD (2003) Immune defense at the ocular surface. Eye (Lond) 17(8):949鈥?56. doi:10.鈥?038/鈥媠j.鈥媏ye.鈥?700617 CrossRef
  9.Zhou R, Caspi RR (2010) Ocular immune privilege. F1000 Biol Rep 2. doi:10.3410/B2-3
  10.Perez VL, Saeed AM, Tan Y, Urbieta M, Cruz-Guilloty F (2013) The eye: a window to the soul of the immune system. J Autoimmun 45:7鈥?4. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?013.鈥?6.鈥?11 CrossRef PubMed
  11.Tong L, Thumboo J, Tan YK, Wong TY, Albani S (2014) The eye: a window of opportunity in rheumatoid arthritis? Nat Rev Rheumatol 10(9):552鈥?60. doi:10.鈥?038/鈥媙rrheum.鈥?014.鈥?5 CrossRef PubMed
  12.Wakefield D, Di Girolamo N, Thurau S, Wildner G, McCluskey P (2013) Scleritis: challenges in immunopathogenesis and treatment. Discov Med 16(88):153鈥?57PubMed
  13.Kuhn A, Landmann A (2014) The classification and diagnosis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 48鈥?9:14鈥?9. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?014.鈥?1.鈥?21 CrossRef PubMed
  14.Aoki H, Hiraoka M, Hashimoto M, Ohguro H (2015) Systemic cyclosporine therapy for scleritis: a proposal of a novel system to assess the activity of scleritis. Case Rep Ophthalmol 6(2):149鈥?57. doi:10.鈥?159/鈥?00430490 PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  15.Suhler EB, Lim LL, Beardsley RM, Giles TR, Pasadhika S, Lee ST, de Saint SA, Butler NJ, Smith JR, Rosenbaum JT (2014) Rituximab therapy for refractory orbital inflammation: results of a phase 1/2, dose-ranging, randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 132(5):572鈥?78. doi:10.鈥?001/鈥媕amaophthalmol.鈥?013.鈥?179 PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  16.Sauer A, Meyer N, Bourcier T, French Study Group for Contact Lens-Related Microbial K (2015) Risk factors for contact lens-related microbial keratitis: a case鈥揷ontrol multicenter study. Eye Contact Lens. doi:10.鈥?097/鈥婭CL.鈥?000000000000180鈥?/span> PubMed
  17.Yagci A (2012) Update on peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Clin Ophthalmol 6:747鈥?54. doi:10.鈥?147/鈥婳PTH.鈥婼24947 PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  18.Generali E, Ceribelli A, Massarotti M, Cantarini L, Selmi C (2015) Seronegative reactive spondyloarthritis and the skin. Clin Dermatol 33(5):531鈥?37. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媍lindermatol.鈥?015.鈥?5.鈥?04 CrossRef PubMed
  19.Rotondo C, Lopalco G, Iannone F, Vitale A, Talarico R, Galeazzi M, Lapadula G, Cantarini L (2015) Mucocutaneous involvement in Behcet鈥檚 disease: how systemic treatment has changed in the last decades and future perspectives. Mediators Inflamm 2015:451675. doi:10.鈥?155/鈥?015/鈥?51675 PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  20.Foeldvari I (2014) Ocular involvement in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: classification and treatment. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠12016-014-8436-9 PubMed
  21.Selmi C (2014) Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune uveitis. Autoimmun Rev 13(4鈥?):591鈥?94. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媋utrev.鈥?014.鈥?1.鈥?06 CrossRef PubMed
  22.Prabhu SS, Shtein RM, Michelotti MM, Cooney TM (2015) Topical cyclosporine A 0.05% for recurrent anterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. doi:10.鈥?136/鈥媌jophthalmol-2015-307251 PubMed
  23.Cordero-Coma M, Sobrin L (2015) Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy in uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媠urvophthal.鈥?015.鈥?6.鈥?04 PubMed
  24.Levy-Clarke G, Jabs DA, Read RW, Rosenbaum JT, Vitale A, Van Gelder RN (2014) Expert panel recommendations for the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor biologic agents in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders. Ophthalmology 121(3):785鈥?96. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媜phtha.鈥?013.鈥?9.鈥?48 , e783 CrossRef PubMed
  25.Calvo-Rio V, de la Hera D, Beltran-Catalan E, Blanco R, Hernandez M, Martinez-Costa L, Loricera J, Canal J, Ventosa J, Ortiz-Sanjuan F, Pina T, Gonzalez-Vela MC, Rodriguez-Cundin P, Gonzalez-Gay MA (2014) Tocilizumab in uveitis refractory to other biologic drugs: a study of 3 cases and a literature review. Clin Exp Rheumatol 32(4 Suppl 84):S54鈥?7PubMed
  26.Schwartzman S, Schwartzman M (2014) The use of biologic therapies in uveitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠12016-014-8455-6 PubMed
  27.Androudi S, Dastiridou A, Symeonidis C, Kump L, Praidou A, Brazitikos P, Kurup SK (2013) Retinal vasculitis in rheumatic diseases: an unseen burden. Clin Rheumatol 32(1):7鈥?3. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠10067-012-2078-1 CrossRef PubMed
  28.Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, Flores-Suarez LF, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hagen EC, Hoffman GS, Jayne DR, Kallenberg CG, Lamprecht P, Langford CA, Luqmani RA, Mahr AD, Matteson EL, Merkel PA, Ozen S, Pusey CD, Rasmussen N, Rees AJ, Scott DG, Specks U, Stone JH, Takahashi K, Watts RA (2013) 2012 Revised international Chapel Hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 65(1):1鈥?1. doi:10.鈥?002/鈥媋rt.鈥?7715 CrossRef PubMed
  29.Chimenti MS, Ballanti E, Triggianese P, Perricone R (2014) Vasculitides and the complement system: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠12016-014-8453-8 PubMed
  30.Grossman C, Barshack I, Bornstein G, Ben-Zvi I (2015) Is temporal artery biopsy essential in all cases of suspected giant cell arteritis? Clin Exp Rheumatol 33(2 Suppl 89):S-84鈥?9
  31.Nesher G (2014) The diagnosis and classification of giant cell arteritis. J Autoimmun 48鈥?9:73鈥?5. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?014.鈥?1.鈥?17 CrossRef PubMed
  32.Aschwanden M, Imfeld S, Staub D, Baldi T, Walker UA, Berger CT, Hess C, Daikeler T (2015) The ultrasound compression sign to diagnose temporal giant cell arteritis shows an excellent interobserver agreement. Clin Exp Rheumatol 33(2 Suppl 89):S-113鈥?15
  33.Khan A, Dasgupta B (2015) Imaging in giant cell arteritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 17(8):527. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠11926-015-0527-y CrossRef
  34.Biousse V, Newman NJ (2015) Ischemic optic neuropathies. N Engl J Med 372(25):2428鈥?436. doi:10.鈥?056/鈥婲EJMra1413352 CrossRef PubMed
  35.Ponte C, Rodrigues AF, O鈥橬eill L, Luqmani RA (2015) Giant cell arteritis: current treatment and management. World J Clin Cases 3(6):484鈥?94. doi:10.鈥?2998/鈥媤jcc.鈥媣3.鈥媔6.鈥?84 PubMedCentral PubMed
  36.Calich AL, Puechal X, Pugnet G, London J, Terrier B, Charles P, Mouthon L, Guillevin L, French Vasculitis Study G (2014) Rituximab for induction and maintenance therapy in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener鈥檚). Results of a single-center cohort study on 66 patients. J Autoimmun 50:135鈥?41. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?014.鈥?3.鈥?02 CrossRef PubMed
  37.Gu J, Zhou S, Ding R, Aizezi W, Jiang A, Chen J (2013) Necrotizing scleritis and peripheral ulcerative keratitis associated with Wegener鈥檚 granulomatosis. Ophthalmol Ther 2(2):99鈥?11. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠40123-013-0016-1 PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  38.Mouthon L, Dunogue B, Guillevin L (2014) Diagnosis and classification of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly named Churg-Strauss syndrome). J Autoimmun 48鈥?9:99鈥?03. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?014.鈥?1.鈥?18 CrossRef PubMed
  39.Kubal AA, Perez VL (2010) Ocular manifestations of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 36(3):573鈥?86. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媟dc.鈥?010.鈥?5.鈥?05 CrossRef PubMed
  40.Takeuchi M, Kastner DL, Remmers EF (2015) The immunogenetics of Behcet鈥檚 disease: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?015.鈥?8.鈥?13 PubMed
  41.Criteria for diagnosis of Behcet鈥檚 disease (1990) International study group for Behcet鈥檚 Disease. Lancet 335(8697):1078鈥?080
  42.Yazici H, Yazici Y (2014) Criteria for Behcet鈥檚 disease with reflections on all disease criteria. J Autoimmun 48鈥?9:104鈥?07. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?014.鈥?1.鈥?14 CrossRef PubMed
  43.Ozyazgan Y, Ucar D, Hatemi G, Yazici Y (2014) Ocular involvement of Behcet鈥檚 syndrome: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠12016-014-8425-z PubMed
  44.Park UC, Kim TW, Yu HG (2014) Immunopathogenesis of ocular Behcet鈥檚 disease. J Immunol Res 2014:653539. doi:10.鈥?155/鈥?014/鈥?53539 PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  45.Caso F, Costa L, Rigante D, Lucherini OM, Caso P, Bascherini V, Frediani B, Cimaz R, Marrani E, Nieves-Martin L, Atteno M, Raffaele CG, Tarantino G, Galeazzi M, Punzi L, Cantarini L (2014) Biological treatments in Behcet鈥檚 disease: beyond anti-TNF therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2014:107421. doi:10.鈥?155/鈥?014/鈥?07421 PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  46.Vallet H, Riviere S, Sanna A, Deroux A, Moulis G, Addimanda O, Salvarani C, Lambert M, Bielefeld P, Seve P, Sibilia J, Pasquali J, Fraison J, Marie I, Perard L, Bouillet L, Cohen F, Sene D, Schoindre Y, Lidove O, Le Hoang P, Hachulla E, Fain O, Mariette X, Papo T, Wechsler B, Bodaghi B, Rigon MR, Cacoub P, Saadoun D, French Behcet N (2015) Efficacy of anti-TNF alpha in severe and/or refractory Behcet鈥檚 disease: multicenter study of 124 patients. J Autoimmun 62:67鈥?4. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?015.鈥?6.鈥?05 CrossRef PubMed
  47.Nava F, Ghilotti F, Maggi L, Hatemi G, Del Bianco A, Merlo C, Filippini G, Tramacere I (2014) Biologics, colchicine, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and interferon-alpha for Neuro-Behcet鈥檚 Syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD010729. doi:10.鈥?002/鈥?4651858.鈥婥D010729.鈥媝ub2 PubMed
  48.Sharma A, Hindman HB (2014) Aging: a predisposition to dry eyes. J Ophthalmol 2014:781683. doi:10.鈥?155/鈥?014/鈥?81683 PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  49.Cornec D, Saraux A, Jousse-Joulin S, Pers JO, Boisrame-Gastrin S, Renaudineau Y, Gauvin Y, Roguedas-Contios AM, Genestet S, Chastaing M, Cochener B, Devauchelle-Pensec V (2014) The differential diagnosis of dry eyes, dry mouth, and parotidomegaly: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠12016-014-8431-1 PubMed
  50.Yagci A, Gurdal C (2014) The role and treatment of inflammation in dry eye disease. Int Ophthalmol 34(6):1291鈥?301. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠10792-014-9969-x CrossRef PubMed
  51.Hessen M, Akpek EK (2014) Dry eye: an inflammatory ocular disease. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 9(2):240鈥?50PubMedCentral PubMed
  52.Colafrancesco S, Perricone C, Priori R, Valesini G, Shoenfeld Y (2014) Sjogren鈥檚 syndrome: another facet of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). J Autoimmun 51:10鈥?6. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?014.鈥?3.鈥?03 CrossRef PubMed
  53.Cornec D, Jamin C, Pers JO (2014) Sjogren鈥檚 syndrome: where do we stand, and where shall we go? J Autoimmun 51:109鈥?14. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?014.鈥?2.鈥?06 CrossRef PubMed
  54.Goules AV, Tzioufas AG, Moutsopoulos HM (2014) Classification criteria of Sjogren鈥檚 syndrome. J Autoimmun 48鈥?9:42鈥?5. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?014.鈥?1.鈥?13 CrossRef PubMed
  55.Foulks GN, Forstot SL, Donshik PC, Forstot JZ, Goldstein MH, Lemp MA, Nelson JD, Nichols KK, Pflugfelder SC, Tanzer JM, Asbell P, Hammitt K, Jacobs DS (2015) Clinical guidelines for management of dry eye associated with Sjogren disease. Ocul Surf 13(2):118鈥?32. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕tos.鈥?014.鈥?2.鈥?01 CrossRef PubMed
  56.Seror R, Theander E, Bootsma H, Bowman SJ, Tzioufas A, Gottenberg JE, Ramos-Casals M, Dorner T, Ravaud P, Mariette X, Vitali C (2014) Outcome measures for primary Sjogren鈥檚 syndrome: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 51:51鈥?6. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕aut.鈥?013.鈥?2.鈥?10 CrossRef PubMed
  57.Valim V, Trevisani VF, de Sousa JM, Vilela VS, Belfort R Jr (2014) Current approach to dry eye disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠12016-014-8438-7 PubMed
  58.Schultz C (2014) Safety and efficacy of cyclosporine in the treatment of chronic dry eye. Ophthalmol Eye Dis 6:37鈥?2. doi:10.鈥?137/鈥婳ED.鈥婼16067 PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  59.Wan KH, Chen LJ, Young AL (2015) Efficacy and safety of topical 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops in the treatment of dry eye syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ocul Surf 13(3):213鈥?25. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媕tos.鈥?014.鈥?2.鈥?06 CrossRef PubMed
  60.Liu A, Ji J (2014) Omega-3 essential fatty acids therapy for dry eye syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Med Sci Monit 20:1583鈥?589. doi:10.鈥?2659/鈥婱SM.鈥?91364 PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  61.Alio JL, Rodriguez AE, WrobelDudzinska D (2015) Eye platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of ocular surface disorders. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 26(4):325鈥?32. doi:10.鈥?097/鈥婭CU.鈥?000000000000169鈥?/span> CrossRef PubMed
  62.Bavinger JC, DeLoss K, Mian SI (2015) Scleral lens use in dry eye syndrome. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 26(4):319鈥?24. doi:10.鈥?097/鈥婭CU.鈥?000000000000171鈥?/span> CrossRef PubMed
  63.Stelton CR, Connors DB, Walia SS, Walia HS (2013) Hydrochloroquine retinopathy: characteristic presentation with review of screening. Clin Rheumatol 32(6):895鈥?98. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠10067-013-2226-2 CrossRef PubMed
  64.Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Dunogue B, Leroux G, Morel N, Jallouli M, Le Guern V, Piette JC, Brezin AP, Melles RB, Marmor MF (2015) A critical review of the effects of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine on the eye. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠12016-015-8469-8 PubMed
  65.Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, Lyons JS, Mieler WF, American Academy of O (2011) Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology 118(2):415鈥?22. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媜phtha.鈥?010.鈥?1.鈥?17 CrossRef PubMed
  66.Tsang AC, Ahmadi Pirshahid S, Virgili G, Gottlieb CC, Hamilton J, Coupland SG (2015) Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinopathy: a systematic review evaluating the multifocal electroretinogram as a screening test. Ophthalmology 122(6):1239鈥?251. doi:10.鈥?016/鈥媕.鈥媜phtha.鈥?015.鈥?2.鈥?11 , e1234 CrossRef PubMed
  67.Harris E, Tiganescu A, Tubeuf S, Mackie SL (2015) The prediction and monitoring of toxicity associated with long-term systemic glucocorticoid therapy. Curr Rheumatol Rep 17(6):513. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠11926-015-0513-4 CrossRef PubMed
  68.Razeghinejad MR, Katz LJ (2012) Steroid-induced iatrogenic glaucoma. Ophthalmic Res 47(2):66鈥?0. doi:10.鈥?159/鈥?00328630 CrossRef PubMed
  69.Gurbaxani A, Fraser CL, Skalicky SE, McCluskey P (2013) Ocular complications associated with systemic medications used in allergy/immunology practice. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 13(3):329鈥?35. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠11882-012-0333-9 CrossRef PubMed
  70.Hemmati I, Wade J, Kelsall J (2012) Risedronate-associated scleritis: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 31(9):1403鈥?405. doi:10.鈥?007/鈥媠10067-012-2035-z CrossRef PubMed
  71.Benderson D, Karakunnel J, Kathuria S, Badros A (2006) Scleritis complicating zoledronic acid infusion. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 7(2):145鈥?47. doi:10.鈥?816/鈥婥LM.鈥?006.鈥媙.鈥?53 CrossRef PubMed
  72.Clark EM, Durup D (2015) Inflammatory eye reactions with bisphosphonates and other osteoporosis medications: what are the risks? Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 7(1):11鈥?6. doi:10.鈥?177/鈥?759720X14566424鈥?/span> PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed
  73.Lefebvre DR, Mandeville JT, Yonekawa Y, Arroyo JG, Torun N, Freitag SK (2015) A case series and review of bisphosphonate-associated orbital inflammation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm:1鈥?. doi:10.3109/09273948.2014.942747
  
• 作者单位：Elena Generali (1)
  Luca Cantarini (2)
  Carlo Selmi (1) (3)
  
  1. Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
  2. Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Beh莽et鈥檚 Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
  3. BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  
• 刊物主题：Allergology; Immunology; Internal Medicine;
• 出版者：Springer US
• ISSN：1559-0267

文摘

Eye involvement represents a common finding in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome, seronegative spondyloarthropathy, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. The eye is a privileged immune site but commensal bacteria are found on the ocular surface. The eye injury may be inflammatory, vascular or infectious, as well as iatrogenic, as in the case of hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, corticosteroids, and bisphosphonates. Manifestations may affect different components of the eye, with episcleritis involving the episclera, a thin layer of tissue covering the sclera; scleritis being an inflammation of the sclera potentially leading to blindness; keratitis, referring to corneal inflammation frequently associated with scleritis; and uveitis as the inflammation of the uvea, including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, subdivided into anterior, posterior, or panuveitis. As blindness may result from the eye involvement, clinicians should be aware of the possible manifestations and their management also independent of the ophthalmologist opinion as the therapeutic approach generally points to the underlying diseases. In some cases, the eye involvement may have a diagnostic implication, as for episcleritis in rheumatoid arthritis, or acute anterior uveitis in seronegative spondyloarthritis. Nonetheless, some conditions lack specificity, as in the case of dry eye which affects nearly 30 % of the general population. The aim of this review is to elucidate to non-ophthalmologists the major ocular complications of rheumatic diseases and their specific management and treatment options. Keywords Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematous ANCA-associated vasculitis Uveitis Biologics Spondyloarthritis