Vicious minds

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Lauren Olin (1)
  John M. Doris (1)
  
• 关键词：Virtue epistemology ; Cognition ; Reliabilism ; Responsibilism ; Skepticism ; Situationism ; Psychology
• 刊名：Philosophical Studies
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：April 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：168
• 期：3
• 页码：665-692
• 全文大小：325 KB
• 参考文献：1. Adams, R. M. (2006). / A theory of virtue: Excellence in being for the good. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  2. Adams, P. A., & Adams, J. K. (1960). Confidence in the recognition and reproduction of words difficult to spell. / The American Journal of Psychology, / 73, 544鈥?52.
  3. Alfano, M. (2011). Expanding the situationist challenge to responsibilist virtue epistemology. / Philosophical Quarterly, / 62(247), 223鈥?49.
  4. Alfano, M. (2013). / Character as moral fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  5. Alpert, M., & Raiffa, H. (1982). A progress report on the training of probability assessors. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), / Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 294鈥?05). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  6. Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2006). Predicting short-term stock fluctuations by using processing fluency. / Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, / 103, 9369鈥?372.
  7. Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., et al. (2007). Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning. / Journal of Experimental Psychology, / 136, 569鈥?76.
  8. Annas, J. (2005). Comments on John Doris鈥? / Lack of character. / Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, / 73, 636鈥?47.
  9. Annas, J. (2011). / Intelligent virtue. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  10. Appiah, K. A. (2008). / Experiments in ethics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  11. Arpaly, N. (2005). Comments on / Lack of character by John Doris. / Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, / 73, 643鈥?47.
  12. Axtell, G. (2010a). Agency ascriptions in ethics and epistemology: Or, navigating intersections, narrow and broad. In H. Battaly (Ed.), / Virtue and vice: Moral and epistemic (pp. 73鈥?4). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  13. Axtell, G. (2010b). Virtue-theoretic responses to skepticism. In J. Greco (Ed.), / The Oxford handbook of skepticism (pp. 557鈥?80). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  14. Baher, J. (2006). Character, reliability and virtue epistemology. / The Philosophical Quarterly, / 56, 193鈥?12.
  15. Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. / Personnel Psychology, / 41, 63鈥?05.
  16. Bishop, M., & Trout, J. D. (2005). / Epistemology and the psychology of human judgment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  17. Blackburn, S. (2001). Reason, virtue, and knowledge. In A. Fairweather & L. T. Zagzebski (Eds.), / Virtue epistemology: Essays on epistemic virtue and responsibility (pp. 15鈥?9). New York: Oxford University Press.
  18. Bloomfield, P. (2000). Virtue epistemology and the epistemology of virtue. / Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, / 60, 23鈥?3.
  19. Bloomfield, P. (2001). / Moral reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  20. Boghossian, P. (2006). / Fear of knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press.
  21. BonJour, L. (1980). Externalist theories of empirical knowledge. In P. A. French, et al. (Eds.), / Midwest studies in philosophy V: Studies in epistemology (pp. 53鈥?4). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  22. Ceci, S. J. (1993a). Teaching for transfer: The 鈥楴ow-you-see-it-now-you-don鈥檛鈥?quality of intelligence in context. In H. Rosselli (Ed.), / The Edyth Bush symposium on intelligence. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
  23. Ceci, S. J. (1993b). Contextual trends in intellectual development. / Developmental Review, / 13, 403鈥?35.
  24. Ceci, S. J. (1996). / On intelligence: A bioecological treatise on intellectual development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  25. Chambers, K. W., McBeth, M. K., Schiano, D. J., & Metz, E. G. (1999). Tops are more salient than bottoms. / Perception and Psychophysics, / 61, 625鈥?35.
  26. Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. / Cognitive Psychology, / 4, 55鈥?1.
  27. Chiesi, H. L., Spilich, G. J., & Voss, J. F. (1979). Acquisition of domain-related information in relation to high and low domain knowledge. / Journal of Learning and Verbal Behavior, / 18, 257鈥?73.
  28. Choudhry, N. K., Fletcher, R. H., & Soumerai, S. B. (2005). Systematic review: The relationship between clinical experience and quality of health care. / Annals of Internal Medicine, / 142, 260鈥?73.
  29. Christman, S. D., & Niebauer, C. L. (1997). The relation between left鈥搑ight and upper鈥搇ower visual field asymmetries. In S. Christman (Ed.), / Cerebral asymmetries in sensory and perceptual processing (pp. 263鈥?96). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  30. Churchland, P. (1987). Epistemology in the age of neuroscience. / Journal of Philosophy, / 84, 544鈥?53.
  31. Code, L. (1984). Toward a 鈥榬esponsibilist鈥?epistemology. / Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, / 45, 29鈥?0.
  32. Code, L. (1987). / Epistemic responsibility. Hanover: University Press of New England.
  33. Conway, A. R. A., & Kovacks, K. (2013). Individual differences in intelligence and working memory: A review of latent variable models. / Psychology of Learning and Motivation, / 58, 233鈥?70.
  34. Deregowski, J. B. (1989). Real space and represented space. / The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, / 12, 51鈥?19.
  35. Detterman, D. K. (1993). The case for the prosecution: Transfer as an epiphenomenon. In D. K. Detterman & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), / Transfer on trial: Intelligence, cognition, and instruction (pp. 1鈥?4). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.
  36. Doris, J. M. (1998). Persons, situations, and virtue ethics. / No没s, / 32, 504鈥?30.
  37. Doris, J. M. (2002). / Lack of character: Personality and moral behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  38. Doris, J. M. (2005). 鈥淧r茅cis鈥?and 鈥淩eplies: Evidence and sensibility.鈥?Contribution to book symposium on / Lack of character. Commentators: J. Annas, N. Arpaly, R. Solomon. / Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 72, 632鈥?35; 656鈥?77.
  39. Doris, J. M. (2010). 鈥淗eated agreement: Lack of character as being for the good鈥? (Contribution to book symposium on Robert Adams, / A theory of virtue: excellence in being for the good). / Philosophical Studies, / 148, 135鈥?46.
  40. Doris, J. M., & Plakias, A. (2007). How to argue about disagreement: Evaluative diversity and moral realism. In W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Ed.), / Moral psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  41. Doris, J. M., & Stich, S. P. (2005). As a matter of fact: Empirical perspectives on ethics. In F. Jackson & M. Smith (Eds.), / The Oxford handbook of contemporary analytic philosophy (pp. 114鈥?52). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  42. Doris, J. M., & Stich, S. P. (2006). Moral psychology: Empirical approaches. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), / Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.
  43. Dunning, D. (1999). A newer look: Motivated social cognition and the schematic representation of social concepts. / Psychological Inquiry, / 10, 1鈥?1.
  44. Dunning, D., Griffin, D. W., Milojkovic, J. D., & Ross, L. (1990). The overconfidence effect in social prediction. / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, / 58, 568鈥?81.
  45. Ehrlinger, J., Johnson, K., Banner, M., Dunning, D., & Kruger, J. (2008). Why the unskilled are unaware: Further explorations of (absent) self-insight among the incompetent. / Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, / 105, 98鈥?21.
  46. Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1978). Confidence in judgment: Persistence of the illusion of validity. / Psychological Review, / 85, 395鈥?16.
  47. Ericsson, K. A. (2004). Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. / Academic Medicine Supplement, / 79, S70鈥揝81.
  48. Ericsson, K. A. (2008). Deliberate practice and acquisition of expert performance: A general overview. / Academic Emergency Medicine, / 15, 988鈥?94.
  49. Ericsson, K. A. (2009). Enhancing the development of professional performance: Implications from the study of deliberate practice. In K. A. Ericsson (Ed.), / The development of professional expertise: Toward measurement of expert performance and design of optimal learning environments (pp. 405鈥?31). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  50. Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Romer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. / Psychological Review, / 100, 363鈥?06.
  51. Ericsson, K. A., & Lehmann, A. C. (1996). Expert and exceptional performance: Evidence of adaptation to task constraints. / Annual Review of Psychology, / 47, 273鈥?05.
  52. Ericsson, K. A., & Smith, J. (1991). Prospects and limits of the empirical study of expertise: An introduction. In K. A. Ericsson & J. Smith (Eds.), / Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits (pp. 1鈥?9). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  53. Ericsson, K. A., Whyte, J., & Ward, P. (2007). Expert performance in nursing: Reviewing research on expertise in nursing within the framework of the expert-performance approach. / ANS Advances in Nursing Science, / 30, E58鈥揈71.
  54. Fadde, P. J. (2009). Instructional design for advanced learners: Training recognition skills to hasten expertise. / Educational Technology Research and Development, / 57, 359鈥?76.
  55. Fairweather, A., & Zagzebski, L. (2001). Introduction. In A. Fairweather & L. T. Zagzebski (Eds.), / Virtue epistemology: Essays on epistemic virtue and responsibility (pp. 3鈥?4). New York: Oxford University Press.
  56. Flanagan, O. (2009). Moral science? Still metaphysical after all these years. In D. Narvaez & D. K. Lapsley (Eds.), / Moral personality, identity and character: Explorations in moral psychology (pp. 52鈥?8). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  57. Gardner, H. (1983). / Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
  58. Gardner, W., Lidz, C., Mulvey, E., & Shaw, E. (1996). Clinical versus actuarial predictions of violence in patients with mental illnesses. / Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, / 64, 602鈥?09.
  59. Geertz, C. (1983/1974). From the native鈥檚 point of view: On the nature of anthropological understanding. In C. Geertz (Ed.), / Local knowledge: Further essays in interpretive anthropology. New York: Basic Book.
  60. Gill, M. J., Swann, W. B., & Silvera, D. H. (1998). On the genesis of confidence. / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, / 75, 1101鈥?114.
  61. Gist, M. E., Bavetta, A. G., & Stevens, C. K. (1990). The effectiveness of self management versus goal setting in facilitating training transfer. In / Proceedings of the 50th annual meeting of the academy of management (pp. 117鈥?21).
  62. Goldberg, L. (1959). The effectiveness of clinicians鈥?judgments: The diagnosis of organic brain damage from the Bender鈥揋estalt test. / Journal of Consulting Psychology, / 23, 25鈥?3.
  63. Goldman, A. I. (1986). The cognitive and social sides of epistemology. In / Proceedings of the biennial meeting of the philosophy of science association, volume two: Symposia and invited papers (pp. 295鈥?11).
  64. Goldman, A. I. (1992). Epistemic folkways and scientific epistemology. In A. I. Goldman (Ed.), / Liaisons: Philosophy meets the cognitive and social sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  65. Goldman, A. I. (2001). The unity of the epistemic virtues. In A. Fairweather & L. T. Zagzebski (Eds.), / Virtue epistemology: Essays on epistemic virtue and responsibility (pp. 30鈥?8). New York: Oxford University Press.
  66. Goldstein, A., & Babkoff, H. (2001). A comparison of upper vs. lower and right vs. left visual fields using lexical decision. / Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, / 54A, 1239鈥?259.
  67. Gottfredson, L. S. (1999). The nature and nurture of vocational interests. In M. L. Savickas & A. R. Spokane (Eds.), / Vocational interests: Their meaning, measurement, and use in counseling. Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black Publishing.
  68. Gough, H. G., & Thorne, A. (1986). Positive, negative, and balanced shyness. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), / Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 205鈥?25). New York: Plenum.
  69. Greco, J. (1992). Virtue epistemology. In J. Dancy & E. Sosa (Eds.), / A companion to epistemology (pp. 520鈥?22). Oxford: Blackwell.
  70. Greco, J. (1993). Virtues and vices of virtue epistemology. / Canadian Journal of Philosophy, / 23, 413鈥?32.
  71. Greco, J. (1999). Agent reliabilism. In J. Tomberlin (Ed.), / Philosophical perspectives, 13, epistemology. Atascadero: Ridgeview.
  72. Greco, J. (2000a). / Putting skeptics in their place. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  73. Greco, J. (2000b). Two kinds of intellectual virtue. / Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, / 60, 179鈥?84.
  74. Greco, J. (2001). Virtues and rules in epistemology. In A. Fairweather & L. T. Zagzebski (Eds.), / Virtue epistemology: Essays on epistemic virtue and responsibility (pp. 117鈥?41). New York: Oxford University Press.
  75. Greco, J. (2002). Virtues in epistemology. In P. Moser (Ed.), / Oxford handbook of epistemology. New York: Oxford University Press.
  76. Greco, J. (2004). Virtue epistemology. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), / Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (winter 2013 edition). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-virtue/.
  77. Greco, J. (2010). / Achieving knowledge. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  78. Guilford, J. P. (1967). / The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw Hill.
  79. Harman, G. (1999). Moral philosophy meets social psychology: Virtue ethics and the fundamental attribution error. / Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, / 99, 315鈥?31.
  80. Harman, G. (2000). The nonexistence of character traits. / Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, / 100, 223鈥?26.
  81. Harman, G. (in preparation). Moral relativism explained (June 19, 2012, version), a contribution to a celebration at Cornell of Nicholas Sturgeon and Richard Boyd. http://www.princeton.edu/~harman/Papers/Moral_Relativism.pdf.
  82. Hursthouse, R. (1999). / On virtue ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  83. Jones, W. H., Cavert, C., & Indart, M. (1983). Impressions of shyness. In J. M. Cheek (Ed.), / Progress in research on shyness. Anaheim: Symposium at the meeting of the American Psychological Association.
  84. Kendall, R. (1973). Psychiatric diagnoses: A study of how they are made. / British Journal of Psychiatry, / 122, 437鈥?45.
  85. Klayman, J., Soll, J. B., Gonzales-Vallejo, C., & Barlas, S. (1999). Overconfidence: It depends on how, what, and whom you ask. / Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, / 79, 216鈥?47.
  86. Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. / Psychological Bulletin, / 108, 480鈥?98.
  87. Kupperman, J. J. (2001). The indispensability of character. / Philosophy, / 76, 239鈥?50.
  88. Kvanvig, J. (1992). The intellectual virtues and the life of the mind: On the place of virtues in epistemology. In P. K. Moser, (Ed.), / The studies in epistemology and cognitive theory series. Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  89. Kvanvig, J. (2003). / The value of knowledge and the pursuit of understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  90. Lappin, J. S., Shelton, A., & Reiser, J. (2006). Environmental context influences visually perceived distance. / Perception and Psychophysics, / 68, 571鈥?81.
  91. Lechuga, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2011). The cross-cultural variation of probability judgment accuracy: The influence of reasoning style. / Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, / 42, 1054鈥?065.
  92. Lewis, M. B. (2006). Eye-witnesses should not do cryptic crosswords prior to identity parades. / Perception, / 35, 1433鈥?436.
  93. Lilenquist, K., Zhong, C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010). The smell of virtue: Clean scents promote reciprocity and charity. / Psychological Science, / 21, 381鈥?83.
  94. Loeb, D. (1998). Moral realism and the argument from disagreement. / Philosophical Studies, / 90, 282鈥?03.
  95. MacDonald, S., Uesiliana, K., & Hayne, H. (2000). Cross-cultural and gender differences in childhood amnesia. / Memory, / 8, 365鈥?76.
  96. MacIntyre, A. (1984). / After virtue. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
  97. Mackie, J. L. (1977). / Ethics: Inventing right and wrong. New York: Penguin.
  98. Mayer, R. E. (1983). / Thinking, problem solving, cognition. New York: Freeman.
  99. McGlone, M. S., & Tofighbakhsh, J. (2000). Birds of a feather flock conjointly(?): Rhyme as reason in aphorisms. / Psychological Science, / 11, 424鈥?28.
  100. Merritt, M. (2000). Virtue ethics and situationist personality psychology. / Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, / 3, 365鈥?83.
  101. Merritt, M., Doris, J. M., & Harman, G. (2010). Character. In J. M. Doris & The Moral Psychology Research Group (Eds.), / The moral psychology handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  102. Miller, C. B. (2003). Social psychology and virtue ethics. / The Journal of Ethics, / 7, 365鈥?92.
  103. Miller, C. B. (2009a). Social psychology, mood, and helping: Mixed results for virtue ethics. / The Journal of Ethics Special Issue on Situationism, / 13, 145鈥?73.
  104. Miller, C. B. (2009b). Empathy, social psychology, and global helping traits. / Philosophical Studies, / 142, 247鈥?75.
  105. Miller, C. B. (2010). Character traits, social psychology, and impediments to helping behavior. / Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, / 5, 1鈥?6.
  106. Montmarquet, J. (1987). Epistemic virtue. / Mind, / 96, 482鈥?97.
  107. Montmarquet, J. (1993). / Epistemic virtue and doxastic responsibility. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  108. Montmarquet, J. (2003). Moral character and social science research. / Philosophy, / 78, 355鈥?68.
  109. Moore, G. E. (1962). Four forms of skepticism. In G. E. Moore (Ed.), / Philosophical papers (pp. 220鈥?22). New York: Collier Books.
  110. Morton, A. (2013). / Bounded thinking: Intellectual virtues for limited agents. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  111. Mullen, M. K. (1994). Earliest recollections of childhood: A demographic analysis. / Cognition, / 52, 55鈥?9.
  112. Munataka, Y. (2001). Graded representation in behavioral dissociations. / Trends in Cognitive Sciences, / 5, 309鈥?15.
  113. National Transportation Safety Board. (2005). / Safety study: Risk factors associated with weather-related general aviation accidents. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. (NTSB/SS-05/01).
  114. Nichols, S., Stich, S. P., & Weinberg, J. M. (2003). Metaskepticism: Meditations in ethno-epistemology. In S. Luper (Ed.), / The skeptics (pp. 227鈥?47). London: Ashgate.
  115. Nisbett, R. E. (2003). / The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently, and why. New York: Free Press.
  116. Nisbett, R. E. (2009). / Intelligence and how to get it: Why schools and cultures count. New York: W.W. Norton and Co.
  117. Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. / Psychological Review, / 108, 291鈥?10.
  118. Otte, R. (2007). Science, naturalism, and abstract beliefs. In J. C. Kelly & X. Taotao (Eds.), / Knowledge, belief and naturalism. Beijing: The Publishing House of Religion and Culture.
  119. Paull, G., & Glencross, D. (1997). Expert perception and decision making in baseball. / International Journal of Sport Psychology, / 28, 35鈥?6.
  120. Plantinga, A. (1986). Epistemic justification. / Nous, / 20, 3鈥?8.
  121. Plantinga, A. (1993). / Warrant and proper function. New York: Oxford University Press.
  122. Previc, F. H. (1990). Functional specialization in the lower and upper visual fields in humans: Its ecological origins and neurophysiological implications. / Behavioral and Brain Sciences, / 13, 519鈥?42.
  123. Previc, F. H. (1998). The neuropsychology of 3-D space. / Psychological Bulletin, / 124, 123鈥?64.
  124. Prinz, J. (2009). Against moral nativism. In D. Murphy & M. Bishop (Eds.), / Stich and his critics (pp. 167鈥?89). New York: Blackwell.
  125. Pritchard, D. (2005). Virtue epistemology and the acquisition of knowledge. / Philosophical Explorations, / 8, 229鈥?43.
  126. Proffitt, D. (2006). Embodied perception and the economy of action. / Perspectives on Psychological Science, / 1, 110鈥?22.
  127. Proffitt, D., Stefanucci, J., Banton, T., & Epstein, W. (2003). The role of effort in perceiving distance. / Psychological Science, / 14, 106鈥?12.
  128. Rachels, J. (2003). / The elements of moral philosophy. New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education.
  129. Railton, P. (2003). / Facts, values, and norms: Essays toward a morality of consequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  130. Reber, R., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Effects of perceptual fluency on judgments of truth. / Consciousness and Cognition, / 8, 338鈥?42.
  131. Reed, S. K., Dempster, A., & Ettinger, M. (1985). Usefulness of analogous solutions for solving algebra word problems. / Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, / 11, 106鈥?25.
  132. Rhodes, M. G., & Castel, A. D. (2008). Memory predictions are influenced by perceptual information: Evidence for metacognitive illusions. / Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, / 137, 615鈥?25.
  133. Rhodes, M. G., & Castel, A. D. (2009). Metacognitive illusions for auditory information: Effects on monitoring and control. / Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, / 16, 550鈥?54.
  134. Rothman, A. J., & Schwarz, N. (1998). Constructing perceptions of vulnerability: Personal relevance and the use of experiential information in health judgments. / Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, / 24, 1053鈥?064.
  135. Russell, D. C. (2009). / Practical intelligence and the virtues. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  136. Segall, M. H., Campbell, D. T., & Herskovits, M. J. (1966). / The influence of culture on visual perception. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.
  137. Segall, M. H., Dasen, P. R., Berry, J. W., & Poortinga, Y. H. (1999). / Human behavior in global perspective (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  138. Sellars, W. (2000). Epistemic principles. In E. Sosa & J. Kim (Eds.), / Epistemology: An anthology (pp. 125鈥?33). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  139. Shah, A. K., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2007). Easy does it: The role of fluency in cue weighting. / Judgment and Decision Making, / 2, 371鈥?79.
  140. Shah, A. K., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). Heuristics made easy: An effort-reduction framework. / Psychological Bulletin, / 134, 207鈥?22.
  141. Sirpada, C., & Stich, S. (2006). A framework for the psychology of norms. In P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, & S. Stich (Eds.), / The innate mind, volume 2: Culture and cognition (pp. 280鈥?01). New York: Oxford University Press.
  142. Slatter, P. E. (1987). / Building expert systems: Cognitive emulation. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.
  143. Smith, S. M., & Schaffer, D. R. (1995). Speed of speech and persuasion: Evidence for multiple effects. / Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, / 21, 1051鈥?060.
  144. Snow, N. (2010). / Virtue as social intelligence: An empirically grounded theory. New York: Routledge.
  145. Solomon, R. (2003). Victims of circumstances? A defense of virtue ethics in business. / Business Ethics Quarterly, / 13, 43鈥?2.
  146. Solomon, R. (2005). What鈥檚 character got to do with it? / Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, / 73, 648鈥?55.
  147. Song, H., & Schwarz, N. (2008). Fluency and the detection of misleading questions: Low processing fluency attenuates the moses illusion. / Social Cognition, / 26(6), 791鈥?99.
  148. Sosa, E. (1980). The raft and the pyramid: Coherence versus foundations in the theory of knowledge. / Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 5, 3鈥?5. Reprinted in Sosa, E. (1991). / Knowledge in perspective: Selected essays in epistemology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  149. Sosa, E. (1991). / Knowledge in perspective: Selected essays in epistemology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  150. Sosa, E. (2001). For the love of truth? In A. Fairweather & L. T. Zagzebski (Eds.), / Virtue epistemology: Essays on epistemic virtue and responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  151. Sosa, E. (2003). Beyond internal foundations to external virtues. In L. BonJour & E. Sosa (Eds.), / Epistemic justification: Internalism vs. externalism, foundations vs. virtues. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  152. Sosa, E. (2007). / A virtue epistemology: Apt belief and reflective knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  153. Sosa, E. (2009a). A defense of the use of intuitions in philosophy. In D. Murphy & M. Bishop (Eds.), / Stich and his critics (pp. 101鈥?12). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  154. Sosa, E. (2009b). Situations against virtues: The situationist attack on virtue theory. In C. Mantzavinos (Ed.), / Philosophy of the social sciences: Philosophical theory and scientific practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  155. Sosa, E. (2011). / Knowing full well. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  156. Sosa, E., & Kim, J. (2000). / Epistemology: An anthology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  157. Spearman, C. (1904). 鈥淕eneral intelligence,鈥?objectively determined and measured. / American Journal of Psychology, / 15, 201鈥?93.
  158. Sreenivasan, G. (2002). Errors about errors: Virtue theory and trait attribution. / Mind, / 111, 47鈥?8.
  159. Starkey, K. (2002). From symbol to scene: Changing models of representation in Thomas卯n von Zerclaere鈥檚 Welsche Gast. In H. Wenzel & C. Lechtermann (Eds.), / Beweglichkeit der Bilder. Text und Imagination in den illustrierten Handschriften des 鈥榃elschen Gastes鈥?von Thomas卯n von Zerclaere (pp. 121鈥?42). Cologne: Boehlau.
  160. Stich, S. (1988). Reflective equilibrium, analytic epistemology and the problem of cognitive diversity. / Synthese, / 74, 391鈥?13.
  161. Stich, S. (1990). / The fragmentation of reason: Preface to a pragmatic theory of cognitive evaluation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  162. Stich, S. (1983). / From folk psychology to cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  163. Stich, S. (2009). Replies. In D. Murphy & M. Bishop (Eds.), / Stich and his critics (pp. 190鈥?52). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  164. Swanton, C. (2003). / Virtue ethics: A pluralistic view. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  165. Tetlock, P. (2009). / Expert political judgment: How good is it? How can we know?. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  166. Thurstone, L. L. (1938). / Primary mental abilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  167. Tolhurst, W. (1987). The argument from moral disagreement. / Ethics, / 97, 610鈥?21.
  168. Tsai, C. I., Klayman, J., & Hastie, R. (2008). Effects of amount of information of judgment accuracy and confidence. / Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, / 107, 97鈥?05.
  169. Upton, C. (2009). / Situational traits of character: Dispositional foundations and implications for moral psychology and friendship. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  170. Vranas, P. B. M. (2005). The indeterminacy paradox: Character evaluations and human psychology. / No没s, / 39, 1鈥?2.
  171. Wang, Q. (2001). Culture effects on adults鈥?earliest childhood recollection and self-description: Implications for the relation between memory and the self. / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, / 81, 220鈥?33.
  172. Wang, Q. (2009). Are Asians forgetful? Perception, retention and recall in episodic remembering. / Cognition, / 111, 123鈥?31.
  173. Wang, Q., & Conway, M. A. (2004). The stories we keep: Autobiographical memory in American and Chinese middle-aged adults. / Journal of Personality, / 72, 911鈥?38.
  174. Wang, Q., Conway, M. A., & Hou, Y. (2004). Infantile amnesia: A crosscultural investigation. / Cognitive Sciences, / 1, 123鈥?35.
  175. Wang, Q., & Ross, M. (2005). What we remember and what we tell: The effects of culture and self-priming on memory representations and narratives. / Memory, / 13, 594鈥?06.
  176. Webber, J. (2006a). Virtue, character and situation. / Journal of Moral Philosophy, / 3, 193鈥?13.
  177. Webber, J. (2006b). Character, consistency, and classification. / Mind, / 115, 651鈥?58.
  178. Webber, J. (2007a). Character, common-sense, and expertise. / Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, / 10, 89鈥?04.
  179. Webber, J. (2007b). Character, global and local. / Utilitas, / 19, 430鈥?34.
  180. Weinberg, J. M., Nichols, S., & Stich, S. (2001). Normativity & epistemic intuitions. / Philosophical Topics, / 29, 429鈥?60.
  181. Williams, B. (1985). / Ethics and the limits of philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  182. Williamson, T. (2000). / Knowledge and its limits. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  183. Witt, J. K., Stefanucci, J. K., Reiner, C. R., & Proffit, D. R. (2007). Seeing beyond the target: Environmental context affects distance perception. / Perception, / 36, 1752鈥?768.
  184. Yates, F., Lee, J. W., & Bush, J. G. (1997). General knowledge overconfidence: Cross-national variations, response style, and 鈥榬eality鈥? / Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, / 70, 87鈥?4.
  185. Zagzebski, L. (1996). / Virtues of the mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  186. Zagzebski, L. (1997). Virtue in ethics and epistemology. / American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly (Supplement), / 71, S1鈥揝17.
  187. Zagzebski, L. (1998). Virtue epistemology. In E. Craig (Ed.), / Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy (pp. 617鈥?21). London: Routledge.
  188. Zagzebski, L. (1999). What is knowledge? In J. Greco & E. Sosa (Eds.), / The Blackwell guide to epistemology. Oxford: Blackwell.
  189. Zagzebski, L. (2000). Review: Pr茅cis of virtues of the mind. / Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, / 60, 169鈥?77.
  190. Zagzebski, L. (2001). Must knowers be agents? In A. Fairweather & L. T. Zagzebski (Eds.), / Virtue epistemology: Essays on epistemic virtue and responsibility (pp. 142鈥?57). New York: Oxford University Press.
  
• 作者单位：Lauren Olin (1)
  John M. Doris (1)
  
  1. Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program, Department of Philosophy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
  
• ISSN：1573-0883

文摘

While there is now considerable anxiety about whether the psychological theory presupposed by virtue ethics is empirically sustainable, analogous issues have received little attention in the virtue epistemology literature. This paper argues that virtue epistemology encounters challenges reminiscent of those recently encountered by virtue ethics: just as seemingly trivial variation in context provokes unsettling variation in patterns of moral behavior, trivial variation in context elicits unsettling variation in patterns of cognitive functioning. Insofar as reliability is a condition on epistemic virtue, we have reason to doubt that human beings possess the cognitive materials required for epistemic virtue, and thereby reason to think that virtue epistemology is threatened by skepticism. We conclude that while virtue epistemology has resources for addressing this challenge, exploiting these resources forces tradeoffs between empirical and normative adequacy.