Obesity and the Food Environment Among Minority Groups

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• 作者：Angela M. Odoms-Young (1)
  Shannon N. Zenk (2)
  Allison Karpyn (3)
  Guadalupe Xochitl Ayala (4)
  Joel Gittelsohn (5)
  
• 关键词：Obesity ; Food environment ; Minority groups
• 刊名：Current Obesity Reports
• 出版年：2012
• 出版时间：September 2012
• 年：2012
• 卷：1
• 期：3
• 页码：141-151
• 全文大小：223KB
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  21. -Fleischhacker SE, et al. A systematic review of fast food access studies. Obes Rev. 2011;12(5):e460-1. / Six databases were searched using terms relating to fast food. Only peer-reviewed studies published in English during a 10-year period, with data collection and analysis regarding fast-food access, were included. Forty articles met the criteria. Nearly half of the studies used their own set of features to define fast food. Studies predominantly examined the relationship between fast-food access and socioeconomic factors and 76?% indicated fast-food restaurants were more prevalent in low-income areas compared with middle- to higher-income areas. Ten of 12 studies found fast-food restaurants were more prevalent in areas with higher concentrations of ethnic minority groups compared with Caucasians. Six adult studies found higher BMI was associated with living in areas with increased exposure to fast food; four studies, however, did not find associations. Further work is needed to understand if and how fast-food access impacts dietary intake and health outcomes; and if fast-food access has disparate socioeconomic, race/ethnicity, and age associations. CrossRef
  22. -Giskes K, van Lenthe F, et al. A systematic review of environmental factors and obesogenic dietary intakes among adults: are we getting closer to understanding obesogenic environments? Obes Rev. 2011;12(5):e95–e106. / This study examined whether physical, social, cultural, and economical environmental factors are associated with obesogenic dietary behaviors and overweight/obesity among adults. Literature searches of databases identified studies examining environmental factors and the consumption of energy, fat, fiber, fruit, vegetables, sugar-sweetened drinks, meal patterns, and weight status. Twenty-eight studies were in-scope, the majority (n--6) were conducted in the United States. Weight status was consistently associated with the food environment; greater accessibility to supermarkets or less access to takeaway outlets was associated with a lower BMI or prevalence of overweight/obesity. However, obesogenic dietary behaviors did not mirror these associations; mixed associations were found between the environment and obesogenic dietary behaviors. Living in a socioeconomically deprived area was the only environmental factor consistently associated with a number of obesogenic dietary behaviors. Associations between the environment and weight status are more consistent than that seen between the environment and dietary behaviors. CrossRef
  23. -Gustafson A, Hankins S, Jilcott S. Measures of the consumer food store environment: a systematic review of the evidence 2000-011 / . J Community Health. 2011. Dec 10. / A systematic review of primary, quantitative, observational studies, published in English that conducted an audit of the consumer food environment. The literature search included electronic, hand searches, and peer-reviewed from 2000 to 2011. Fifty-six papers met the inclusion criteria. Six studies reported stores in low-income neighborhoods or high-minority neighborhoods had less availability of healthy food, while four studies found there was no difference in availability between neighborhoods. The results were also inconsistent for differences in food prices, dietary patterns, and weight status. This systematic review uncovered several key findings: 1) systematic measurement of determining availability of food within stores and store types is needed; 2) context is relevant for understanding the complexities of the consumer food environment; 3) interventions and longitudinal studies addressing purchasing habits, diet, and obesity outcomes are needed; and 4) influences of price and marketing that may be linked with why people purchase certain items.
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  28. ?-Powell LM, Wada R, et al. Ethnic disparities in adolescent body mass index in the United States: the role of parental socioeconomic status and economic contextual factors. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(3):469-6. / This paper examined the importance of household and economic contextual factors as determinants of ethnic disparities in adolescent BMI. Individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 for the years 1997-000 were combined with economic contextual data on food prices, outlet density, and median household income. Ethnic differences in household demographic, parental SES, and economic contextual factors explained the majority of the male black-white (63?%), male Hispanic-white (78?%), and female Hispanic-white (62?%) BMI gaps but less than one half of the female black-white BMI gap (44?%). Adding the economic contextual factors increased the explained portion of the ethnic BMI gap for both female and male adolescents: the economic contextual factors explained 28?% and 38?% of the black-white and Hispanic-white BMI gaps for males and 13?% and 8?% of the black-white and Hispanic-white BMI gaps for females, respectively. Parental SES was more important in explaining the Hispanic-white BMI gap than the black-white BMI gap for both genders, whereas neighborhood economic contextual factors were more important in explaining the male BMI gap than the female BMI gap for both black-white and Hispanic-white ethnic disparities. A significantly large portion of the ethnic BMI gap, however, remained unexplained between black and white female adolescents. CrossRef
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  30. ?-Lee H. The role of local food availability in explaining obesity risk among young school-aged children. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(8):1193-03. / This paper examines whether the lack of access to more healthy food retailers and/or the greater availability of “unhealthy-food purveyors in residential neighborhoods explains children’s risk of excessive weight gain, and whether differential food availability explains obesity disparities. I do so by analyzing a national survey of US children followed over elementary school (ECLS-K) who are linked to detailed, longitudinal food availability measures from a comprehensive business establishment database (the National Establishment Time Series). Children who live in residentially poor and minority neighborhoods are indeed more likely to have greater access to fast-food outlets and convenience stores. However, these neighborhoods also have greater access to other food establishments that have not been linked to increased obesity risk, including large-scale grocery stores. When examined in a multilevel modeling framework, differential exposure to food outlets does not independently explain weight gain over time in this sample of elementary school-aged children. Variation in residential food outlet availability also does not explain socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differences. It may thus be important to reconsider whether food access is, in all settings, a salient factor in understanding obesity risk among young children. CrossRef
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  36. ?-Bodor JN, et al. Disparities in food access: does aggregate availability of key foods from other stores offset the relative lack of supermarkets in African-American neighborhoods? Prev Med. 2010;51(1):63-. / This study examined in-store shelf space of key foods to test whether other types of stores might offset the relative lack of supermarkets in African American neighborhoods. New Orleans census tract data were combined with health department information on food stores open in 2004-005. Shelf space of fruits, vegetables, and energy-dense snacks was assessed using a measuring wheel and established protocols in a sample of stores. Neighborhood availability of foods was calculated by summing shelf space in all stores within 2?km of tract centers. Regression analyses assessed associations between tract racial composition and aggregate food availability. African American neighborhoods had fewer supermarkets and the aggregate availability of fresh fruits and vegetables was lower than in other neighborhoods. There were no differences in snack food availability. CrossRef
  37. Zenk SN, et al. Multilevel correlates of satisfaction with neighborhood availability of fresh fruits and vegetables. Ann Behav Med. 2009;38(1):48-9. CrossRef
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  41. ?-Ard J, Perumean-Chaney S, et al. Fruit and vegetable pricing by demographic factors in the Birmingham, Alabama, metropolitan area, 2004-005. Prev Chronic Dis. 2010 Jul;7(4):A78. / The purpose of the study was to determine whether neighborhood demographics were associated with prices of fruits and vegetables. Forty-four grocery stores in the Birmingham, Alabama, metropolitan area were surveyed to determine prices of 20 fruits and vegetables. Stores were geocoded and linked to the corresponding Census 2000 block group to obtain data for the independent variables: percentage African American, percentage with at least a high school diploma, and percentage of households below the poverty level. In the fall, there were no significant relationships between the predictors and prices of any fruits and vegetables in the survey. In the spring, the percentage who had at least a high school diploma was a predictor of price per serving for potatoes.
  42. ?-Dunn RA, et al. Socio-economic status, racial composition and the affordability of fresh fruits and vegetables in neighborhoods of a large rural region in Texas. Nutr J. 2011;10:6. / Data from the Brazos Valley Food Environment Project were used to identify all food stores in the rural region and the availability and lowest price of fresh whole fruit and vegetables in the food stores. The mean cost of meeting the USDA recommendation of fruit consumption from a high-variety basket of fruit types in our sample of stores was just over $27.50 per week. Relying on the three most common fruits lowered the weekly expense to under $17.25 per week, a reduction of 37.6?%. The effect of moving from a high-variety to a low-variety basket was much less when considering vegetable consumption: a 4.3?% decline from $29.23 to $27.97 per week. Univariate regression analysis revealed that the cost of fresh produce was not associated with the racial/ethnic composition of the local community. However, multivariate regression showed that holding median income constant, stores in neighborhoods with higher percentages of black residents paid more for fresh fruits and vegetables. The proportion of Hispanic residents was not associated with cost in either the univariate or multivariate analysis. CrossRef
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  65. ?-Hickson DA, et al. Associations of fast food restaurant availability with dietary intake and weight among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study, 2000-004. Am J Public Health. 2011;101 Suppl 1:S301-. / Investigated cross-sectional associations of fast-food restaurant availability (FFR) with dietary intake and BMI and waist circumference in 4740 African American Jackson Heart Study participants (55.2?±-2.6?years, 63.3?% women). FFR availability was investigated using circular buffers with differing radii centered at each participant’s geocoded residential location. We observed no consistent associations between FFR availability and BMI or waist circumference. Greater FFR availability was associated with higher energy intake among men and women younger than 55?years, even after adjusting for individual SES. For each standard deviation increase in 5-mile FFR availability, the energy intake increased by 138 kilocalories (CI = 70.53, 204.75) for men and 58 kilocalories (CI = 8.55, 105.97) for women. We observed similar associations for the 2-mile FFR availability, especially in men. FFR availability was also unexpectedly positively associated with total fiber intake. CrossRef
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  67. ?-Ding D, et al. Community food environment, home food environment, and fruit and vegetable intake of children and adolescents / . J Nutr Educ Behav. 2011 Apr 28. / A cross-sectional survey was conducted with re-administration to assess test-retest reliability. Adolescents, parents of adolescents, and parents of children (n--58) were surveyed in San Diego, Boston, and Cincinnati. Most subscales had acceptable reliability. Fruit and vegetable (FV) intake was positively associated with availability of healthful food (r--.15-.27), FV (r--.22-.34), and ratio of more-healthful/less-healthful food in the home (r--.23-.31) and was negatively associated with less-healthful food in the home (r-??0.17 to ?.18). Home food environment was associated with household income but not with community food environment.
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  71. ?-Powell LM, Han E. The costs of food at home and away from home and consumption patterns among U.S. adolescents. J Adolesc Health Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2011;48(1):20-. / Individual-level data on adolescents were drawn from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics combined at the zip code level with external economic contextual data. Multivariate regression analyses were used to estimate the associations between food consumption categories and the economic contextual factors. Fast-food and food-at-home prices were not significantly associated with any of the food consumption categories in the full sample. However, among poor adolescents, higher fast-food prices were associated with higher levels of nonmeat protein consumption. Food store outlet availability was found to have very small significant associations with some food consumption categories but no significant associations were found for restaurant outlets. CrossRef
  72. Sturm R, Datar A. Regional price differences and food consumption frequency among elementary school children. Public Health. 2011;125(3):136-1. CrossRef
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  74. ?-Gordon-Larsen P, Guilkey DK, Popkin BM. An economic analysis of community-level fast food prices and individual-level fast food intake: a longitudinal study. Health Place. 2011;17(6):1235-1. / Used nationally representative, longitudinal data to examine how community-level food price variation was associated with individual-level fast-food intake by race/ethnicity and income across waves II (1996) and III (2001-002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n--1,088) from 158 baseline and 363 follow-up US counties. Negative binomial regression models predicting the number of fast-food meals per week show strong relationships between fast-food consumption and prices of fast food and soda that varied by gender and race/ethnicity. We found relatively stronger association between food prices and fast-food intake for males and relatively greater price sensitivity for soda versus burgers. In the group with strongest associations (black males), a 20?% increase in the price of soda was associated with a decrease of 0.25 visits to a fast-food restaurant per week. CrossRef
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  76. Rundle A, et al. Neighborhood food environment and walkability predict obesity in New York City. Environ Heal Perspect. 2009;117(3):442-.
  77. Howard PH, Fitzpatrick M, Fulfrost B. Proximity of food retailers to schools and rates of overweight ninth grade students: an ecological study in California. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(Journal Article):68.
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  81. ?-Auchincloss AH, et al. Neighborhood health-promoting resources and obesity risk (the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) / . Obes. 2012 Apr 19. / This study hypothesized that environmental resources supporting walking and a healthy diet are associated with reduced obesity incidence. Data came from 4008 adults aged 45-4?years at baseline who participated in a neighborhood ancillary study of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Participants were enrolled at six study sites at baseline (2000-002) and neighborhood scales were derived from a supplementary survey that asked community residents to rate availability of healthy foods and walking environments for a 1-mile buffer area. Associations between incident obesity and neighborhood exposure were examined using proportional hazards and generalized linear regression. Among 4008 non-obese participants, 406 new obesity cases occurred during 5?years of follow-up. Neighborhood healthy food environment was associated with 10?% lower obesity incidence per standard deviation increase neighborhood score. The association persisted after adjusting for baseline BMI and individual-level covariates and for correlated features of the walking environment but confidence intervals widened to include the null. Associations between neighborhood walking environment and lower obesity were weaker and did not persist after adjusting for correlated neighborhood healthy eating amenities.
  82. ?-Gittelsohn J, Rowan M. Preventing diabetes and obesity in American Indian communities: the potential of environmental interventions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(5):1179S-3S. / Experiences and findings from three case studies of intervention trials in American Indian communities was examined including: the Pathways trial, which was a school-based trial that focused on children; the Apache Healthy Stores program, which was a food-store program that focused on food preparers and shoppers; and the Zhiwaapenewin Akino’maagewin trial, which was a multi-institutional trial for First Nations adults that worked with food stores, elementary schools, and health and social services agencies. All three trials showed mixed success. CrossRef
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• 作者单位：Angela M. Odoms-Young (1)
  Shannon N. Zenk (2)
  Allison Karpyn (3)
  Guadalupe Xochitl Ayala (4)
  Joel Gittelsohn (5)
  
  1. Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor MC 517, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
  2. Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing, 845 South Damen Avenue, M/C 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
  3. The Food Trust, One Penn Center, Suite 900, 1617 John F. Kennedy Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
  4. Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 220, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
  5. Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomerg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
  

文摘

The prevalence of obesity is higher in racial/ethnic minority populations compared to non-Hispanic whites. Recently, a substantial body of literature has focused on understanding the role of the retail food environment in shaping racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in obesity risk. Compared to predominately white neighborhoods, retail food environments in minority neighborhoods have been found to be more “obesigenic-and offer fewer opportunities for healthy eating. Studies generally show that predominately African American and Native American neighborhoods have fewer chain supermarkets; more liquor/convenience stores; lower availability of healthy food options and lower-quality fresh produce than predominately white neighborhoods. However, results from studies examining food environments in Hispanic/Latino neighborhoods have been mixed. While several studies report an association between retail food environments, dietary intake, and obesity risk in children and adults, findings vary depending on the aspect of the food environment being studied, measures being used, target population considered, and geographic area where the study was conducted.