The Bacterial Cell Wall in the Antibiotic Era: An Ontology in Transit Between Morphology and Metabolism, 1940s᾿960s

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• 作者：María Jesús Santesmases
• 关键词：Biochemistry ; Microbiology ; Penicillin ; Antibiotic screening ; Spheroplasts ; History
• 刊名：Journal of the History of Biology
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：February 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：49
• 期：1
• 页码：3-36
• 全文大小：1,557 KB
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• 作者单位：María Jesús Santesmases (1)
  
  1. Instituto de Filosofía, CCHS, Consejo Superior de Investigaciobnes Científicas, Calle Albasanz 26-28, 28037, Madrid, Spain
  
• 刊物类别：Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
• 刊物主题：Philosophy
  Philosophy of Biology
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1573-0387

文摘

This essay details a historical crossroad in biochemistry and microbiology in which penicillin was a co-agent. I narrate the trajectory of the bacterial cell wall as the precise target for antibiotic action. As a strategic object of research, the bacterial cell wall remained at the core of experimental practices, scientific narratives and research funding appeals throughout the antibiotic era. The research laboratory was dedicated to the search for new antibiotics while remaining the site at which the mode of action of this new substance was investigated. This combination of circumstances made the bacterial wall an ontology in transit. As invisible as the bacterial wall was for clinical purposes, in the biological laboratory, cellular meaning in regard to the action of penicillin made the bacterial wall visible within both microbiology and biochemistry. As a border to be crossed, some components of the bacterial cell wall and the biochemical destruction produced by penicillin became known during the 1950s and 1960s. The cell wall was constructed piece by piece in a transatlantic circulation of methods, names, and images of the shape of the wall itself. From 1955 onwards, microbiologists and biochemists mobilized new names and associated conceptual meanings. The composition of this thin and rigid layer would account for its shape, growth and destruction. This paper presents a history of biochemical morphology: a chemistry of shape – the shape of bacteria, as provided by its wall – that accounted for biology, for life itself. While penicillin was being established as an industrially-manufactured object, it remained a scientific tool within the research laboratory, contributing to the circulation of further scientific objects.