History, Evolution, and Importance of Emergency Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

设为首页

收藏本站

网站地图 | English | 公务邮箱

About the library

Background
History
Leadership
Organization

Readers' Guide

Opening Hours
Collections
Help Via Email

Publications

Electronic Information Resources

History, Evolution, and Importance of Emergency Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

详细信息查看全文

作者：Jessalyn K. Holodinsky ; Amy Y. X. Yu…
关键词：Ischemic stroke ; Endovascular techniques ; Thrombectomy ; Reperfusion ; Thrombolytic therapy
刊名：Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
出版年：2016
出版时间：May 2016
年：2016
卷：16
期：5
全文大小：1,160 KB
参考文献：1.Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131:e29–322. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152 .CrossRef PubMed
2.Ay H, Furie KL, Singhal A, et al. An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2005;58:688–97. doi:10.1002/ana.20617 .CrossRef PubMed
3.Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly. The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:1561–4.CrossRef PubMed
4.Silva GS, Koroshetz WJ, González RG, Schwamm LH Causes of ischemic stroke. In: Acute ischemic stroke. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 25–42
5.Suri MFK, Johnston SC. Epidemiology of intracranial stenosis. J Neuroimaging: Off J Am Soc Neuroimaging. 2009;19 Suppl 1:11S–6. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2009.00415.x .CrossRef
6.Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR, et al. Classification of stroke subtypes. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27:493–501. doi:10.1159/000210432 .CrossRef PubMed
7.Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:429–38. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70310-7 .CrossRef PubMed
8.Saver JL. Time is brain—quantified. Stroke. 2006;37:263–6. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab .CrossRef PubMed
9.••

Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK, et al. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1019–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1414905 . Goyal et al. studied 315 acute stroke patients, 165 randomized to endovascular therapy + IV tPA and 150 randomized to IV tPA alone. Imaging selection criteria were used to determine eligible patients. They found endovascular therapy + IV tPA patients had better outcomes than IV tPA alone (decreased mRS scores, common odds ratio 2.6). CrossRef PubMed
10.••

Berkhemer OA, Fransen PSS, Beumer D, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:11–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411587 . Berkhemer et al. studied 500 acute stroke patients, 233 randomized to endovascular therapy + standard therapy and 267 randomized to standard therapy alone. Imaging selection criteria were applied to determine eligible patients. Endovascular therapy + standard care patients had better outcomes than standard care patients alone (decreased mRS scores, common odds ratio 1.67). CrossRef PubMed
11.••Campbell BCV, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ, et al. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1009–18. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1414792 . Campbell et al., studied 70 acute stroke patients, 35 randomized to endovascular therapy + IV tPA, 35 randomized to IV tPA alone. Imaging selection criteria were applied to determine eligible patients. Endovascular therapy + IV tPA patients had increased early reperfusion (odds ratio 4.7) and early neurologic improvement (odds ratio 6.0) as compared to IV tPA alone patients.
12.••Jovin TG, Chamorro A, Cobo E, et al. Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2296–306. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503780 . Jovin et al. studied 206 acute stroke patients, 103 randomized to endovascular therapy + IV tPA, 103 randomized to IV tPA alone. Imaging selection criteria were applied to determine eligible patients. Endovascular therapy + IV tPA patients had better outcomes than IV tPA alone patients (decreased mRS scores, common odds ratio 1.7). CrossRef PubMed
13.••Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A, et al. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2285–95. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1415061 . Saver et al. studied 196 acute stroke patients, 98 randomized to endovascular therapy + IV tPA, 98 randomized to IV tPA alone. Imaging selection criteria were applied to determine eligible patients. Endovascular therapy + IV tPA patients had increased likelihood of good functional outcome than IV tPA alone patients (risk ratio 1.7). CrossRef PubMed
14.Sussman BJ, Fitch TS. Thrombolysis with fibrinolysin in cerebral arterial occlusion. J Am Med Assoc. 1958;167:1705–9. doi:10.1001/jama.1958.02990310011002 .CrossRef PubMed
15.Randomised controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Multicentre Acute Stroke Trial—Italy (MAST-I) Group. Lancet. 1995;346:1509–1514.
16.Donnan GA, Davis SM, Chambers BR, et al. Streptokinase for acute ischemic stroke with relationship to time of administration: Australian Streptokinase (ASK) Trial Study Group. JAMA. 1996;276:961–6.CrossRef PubMed
17.Thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in acute ischemic stroke. The Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial—Europe study group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:145–150. doi:10.1056/NEJM199607183350301
18.Zivin JA, Lyden PD, DeGirolami U, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator. Reduction of neurologic damage after experimental embolic stroke. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:387–91.CrossRef PubMed
19.del Zoppo GJ, Poeck K, Pessin MS, et al. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute thrombotic and embolic stroke. Ann Neurol. 1992;32:78–86. doi:10.1002/ana.410320113 .CrossRef PubMed
20.Brott TG, Haley EC, Levy DE, et al. Urgent therapy for stroke. Part I. Pilot study of tissue plasminogen activator administered within 90 minutes. Stroke. 1992;23:632–40.CrossRef PubMed
21.Haley EC, Levy DE, Brott TG, et al. Urgent therapy for stroke. Part II. Pilot study of tissue plasminogen activator administered 91-180 minutes from onset. Stroke. 1992;23:641–5.CrossRef PubMed
22.The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199512143332401 .CrossRef
23.Bhatia R, Hill MD, Shobha N, et al. Low rates of acute recanalization with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in ischemic stroke: real-world experience and a call for action. Stroke. 2010;41:2254–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.592535 .CrossRef PubMed
24.Beumer D, Saiedie G, Fonville S, et al. Intra-arterial occlusion in acute ischemic stroke: relative frequency in an unselected population. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35:66–77. doi:10.1159/000351748 .
25.Heldner MR, Zubler C, Mattle HP, et al. National Institutes of Health stroke scale score and vessel occlusion in 2152 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2013;44:1153–7. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000604 .CrossRef PubMed
26.Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, et al. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischaemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379:2364–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60738-7 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
27.Emberson J, Lees KR, Lyden P, et al. Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;384:1929–35. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60584-5 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
28.Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44:870–947. doi:10.1161/STR.0b013e318284056a .CrossRef PubMed
29.Casaubon LK, Boulanger J-M, Blacquiere D, et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: hyperacute stroke care guidelines, update 2015. Int J Stroke. 2015;10:924–40. doi:10.1111/ijs.12551 .CrossRef PubMed
30.Powers WJ, Derdeyn CP, Biller J, et al. 2015 AHA/ASA focused update of the 2013 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke regarding endovascular treatment: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46:3020–35. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000074 .CrossRef PubMed
31.European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee, ESO Writing Committee. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25:457–507. doi:10.1159/000131083 .CrossRef
32.de Los Ríos la Rosa F, Khoury J, Kissela BM, et al. Eligibility for intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator within a population: the effect of the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) III trial. Stroke. 2012;43:1591–5. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.645986 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
33.Zeumer H, Hacke W, Ringelstein EB. Local intraarterial thrombolysis in vertebrobasilar thromboembolic disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1983;4:401–4.PubMed
34.Zeumer H, Hündgen R, Ferbert A, Ringelstein EB. Local intraarterial fibrinolytic therapy in inaccessible internal carotid occlusion. Neuroradiology. 1984;26:315–7.PubMed
35.Mori E, Tabuchi M, Yoshida T, Yamadori A. Intracarotid urokinase with thromboembolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Stroke. 1988;19:802–12.CrossRef PubMed
36.Hacke W, Zeumer H, Ferbert A, et al. Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy improves outcome in patients with acute vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Stroke. 1988;19:1216–22.CrossRef PubMed
37.del Zoppo GJ, Higashida RT, Furlan AJ, et al. PROACT: a phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. PROACT investigators. Prolyse in acute cerebral thromboembolism. Stroke. 1998;29:4–11. doi:10.1161/01.str.29.1.4 .CrossRef PubMed
38.Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in acute cerebral thromboembolism. JAMA. 1999;282:2003–11. doi:10.1001/jama.282.21.2003 .CrossRef PubMed
39.Ogawa A, Mori E, Minematsu K, et al. Randomized trial of intraarterial infusion of urokinase within 6 hours of middle cerebral artery stroke: the middle cerebral artery embolism local fibrinolytic intervention trial (MELT) Japan. Stroke. 2007;38:2633–9. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.488551 .CrossRef PubMed
40.Lewandowski CA, Frankel M, Tomsick TA, et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial r-TPA versus intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke: Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Bridging Trial. Stroke. 1999;30:2598–605. doi:10.1161/01.str.30.12.2598 .CrossRef PubMed
41.IMS Study Investigators. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial recanalization for acute ischemic stroke: the Interventional Management of Stroke Study. Stroke. 2004;35:904–11. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000121641.77121.98 .CrossRef
42.Mahon BR, Nesbit GM, Barnwell SL, et al. North American clinical experience with the EKOS MicroLysUS infusion catheter for the treatment of embolic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:534–8.PubMed
43.IMS, II Trial Investigators. The Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) II study. Stroke. 2007;38:2127–35. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.483131 .CrossRef
44.Bruckmann H, Ringelstein EB, Buchner H, Zeumer H. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the vertebral artery. A therapeutic alternative to operative reconstruction of proximal vertebral artery stenoses. J Neurol. 1986;233:336–9.CrossRef PubMed
45.Higashida RT, Tsai FY, Halbach VV, et al. Transluminal angioplasty for atherosclerotic disease of the vertebral and basilar arteries. J Neurosurg. 1993;78:192–8. doi:10.3171/jns.1993.78.2.0192 .CrossRef PubMed
46.Bockenheimer SA, Mathias K. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in arteriosclerotic internal carotid artery stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1983;4:791–2.PubMed
47.Damuth HD, Diamond AB, Rappoport AS, Renner JW. Angioplasty of subclavian artery stenosis proximal to the vertebral origin. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1983;4:1239–42.PubMed
48.Galichia JP, Bajaj AK, Vine DL, Roberts RW. Subclavian artery stenosis treated by transluminal angioplasty: six cases. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1983;6:78–81.CrossRef PubMed
49.Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Tsai FY, et al. Transluminal angioplasty of the vertebral and basilar artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1987;8:745–9.PubMed
50.Newell DW, Eskridge JM, Mayberg MR, et al. Angioplasty for the treatment of symptomatic vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1989;71:654–60. doi:10.3171/jns.1989.71.5.0654 .CrossRef PubMed
51.Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Cahan LD, et al. Transluminal angioplasty for treatment of intracranial arterial vasospasm. J Neurosurg. 1989;71:648–53. doi:10.3171/jns.1989.71.5.0648 .CrossRef PubMed
52.Clark WM, Barnwell SL, Nesbit G, et al. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Stroke. 1995;26:1200–4.CrossRef PubMed
53.Mori T, Fukuoka M, Kazita K, Mori K. Follow-up study after intracranial percutaneous transluminal cerebral balloon angioplasty. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:1525–33.PubMed
54.Ueda T, Sakaki S, Nochide I, et al. Angioplasty after intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute occlusion of intracranial arteries. Stroke. 1998;29:2568–74.CrossRef PubMed
55.Connors JJ, Wojak JC. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic lesions: evolution of technique and short-term results. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:415–23. doi:10.3171/jns.1999.91.3.0415 .CrossRef PubMed
56.Nakano S, Iseda T, Yoneyama T, et al. Direct percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for acute middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion: an alternative option to intra-arterial thrombolysis. Stroke. 2002;33:2872–6.CrossRef PubMed
57.Abou-Chebl A, Bajzer CT, Krieger DW, et al. Multimodal therapy for the treatment of severe ischemic stroke combining GPIIb/IIIa antagonists and angioplasty after failure of thrombolysis. Stroke. 2005;36:2286–8. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000179043.73314.4f .CrossRef PubMed
58.Nogueira RG, Schwamm LH, Buonanno FS, et al. Low-pressure balloon angioplasty with adjuvant pharmacological therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by intracranial arterial occlusions. Neuroradiology. 2008;50:331–40. doi:10.1007/s00234-007-0340-z .CrossRef PubMed
59.Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S, et al. Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial. Stroke. 2005;36:1432–8. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000171066.25248.1d .CrossRef PubMed
60.Smith WS, Sung G, Saver J, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: final results of the Multi MERCI trial. Stroke. 2008;39:1205–12. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.497115 .CrossRef PubMed
61.Gobin YP, Starkman S, Duckwiler GR, et al. MERCI 1: a phase 1 study of mechanical embolus removal in cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2004;35:2848–54. doi:10.1161/01.str.0000147718.12954.60 .CrossRef PubMed
62.The Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial Investigators. The penumbra pivotal stroke trial: safety and effectiveness of a new generation of mechanical devices for clot removal in intracranial large vessel occlusive disease. Stroke. 2009;40:2761–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.544957 .CrossRef
63.Levy EI, Ecker RD, Horowitz MB, et al. Stent-assisted intracranial recanalization for acute stroke: early results. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:458–63. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000199159.32210.E4 . discussion 458–63.CrossRef PubMed
64.Zaidat OO, Wolfe T, Hussain SI, et al. Interventional acute ischemic stroke therapy with intracranial self-expanding stent. Stroke. 2008;39:2392–5. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.510966 .CrossRef PubMed
65.Rohde S, Bosel J, Hacke W, Bendszus M. Stent retriever technology: concept, application and initial results. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012;4:455–8. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2011-010160 .CrossRef PubMed
66.Saver JL, Jahan R, Levy EI, et al. Solitaire flow restoration device versus the Merci retriever in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (SWIFT): a randomised, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012;380:1241–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61384-1 .CrossRef PubMed
67.Nogueira RG, Lutsep HL, Gupta R, et al. Trevo versus Merci retrievers for thrombectomy revascularisation of large vessel occlusions in acute ischaemic stroke (TREVO 2): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2012;380:1231–40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61299-9 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
68.Broderick JP, Palesch YY, Demchuk AM, et al. Endovascular therapy after intravenous t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:893–903. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1214300 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
69.Kidwell CS, Jahan R, Gornbein J, et al. A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:914–23. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1212793 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
70.Ciccone A, Valvassori L, Nichelatti M, et al. Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:904–13. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1213701 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
71.Demchuk AM, Goyal M, Yeatts SD, et al. Recanalization and clinical outcome of occlusion sites at baseline CT angiography in the Interventional Management of Stroke III trial. Radiology. 2014;273:202–10. doi:10.1148/radiol.14132649 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
72.Kamalian S, Morais LT, Pomerantz SR, et al. Clot length distribution and predictors in anterior circulation stroke: implications for intra-arterial therapy. Stroke. 2013;44:3553–6. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003079 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
73.Khatri P, Yeatts SD, Mazighi M, et al. Time to angiographic reperfusion and clinical outcome after acute ischaemic stroke: an analysis of data from the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS III) phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:567–74. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70066-3 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
74.Higashida RT, Furlan AJ, Roberts H, et al. Trial design and reporting standards for intra-arterial cerebral thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003;34:e109–37. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000082721.62796.09 .CrossRef PubMed
75.Molina CA. Futile recanalization in mechanical embolectomy trials: a call to improve selection of patients for revascularization. Stroke. 2010;41:842–3. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.580266 .CrossRef PubMed
76.Bracard S, Guillemin F, Ducrocq X, for the THRACE Investigators Thrace study: intermediate analysis results. In: The European Stroke Organization—Annual Conference. Glasgow; 2015. p. 31.
77.Mocco J, Zaidat O, von Kummer R, et al. Results of the therapy trial: a prospective, randomized trial to define the role of mechanical thrombectomy as adjunctive treatment to IV rtPA in acute ischemic stroke. Int J Stroke. 2015;10:10.CrossRef
78.Badhiwala JH, Nassiri F, Alhazzani W, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;314:1832–43. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.13767 .CrossRef PubMed
79.Noorani H, Brady B, McGahan L, et al. A clinical and economic review of stroke rehabilitation services. Ottawa: Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment; 2003.
80.Ram FSF, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Granados-Navarrete A, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD004403;2006. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004403.pub2
81.Rowe BH, Spooner C, Ducharme FM, et al. Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD002178;2001. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002178
82.Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. JAMA. 1995;273:1450–6.CrossRef PubMed
83.ISIS-2 Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1988;2:349–60.
84.Antithrombotic Trialists’ (ATT) Collaboration, Baigent C, Blackwell L, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1849–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1 .CrossRef
85.•Menon BK, d’Esterre CD, Qazi EM, et al. Multiphase CT angiography: a new tool for the imaging triage of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Radiology. 2015;275:510–20. doi:10.1148/radiol.15142256 . Menon et al. introduce a novel imaging technique for detecting collateral status in acute ischemic stroke, the multiphase CT angiogram. Made up of three skull base-to-vertex CT angiograms performed in 8-s intervals, this imaging technique allows for better visualization of collateral status and better prediction of good outcome than conventional or perfusion CT. CrossRef PubMed
86.Hill MD, Rowley HA, Adler F, et al. Selection of acute ischemic stroke patients for intra-arterial thrombolysis with pro-urokinase by using ASPECTS. Stroke. 2003;34:1925–31. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000082483.37127.D0 .CrossRef PubMed
87.Goyal M, Menon BK, Coutts SB, et al. Effect of baseline CT scan appearance and time to recanalization on clinical outcomes in endovascular thrombectomy of acute ischemic strokes. Stroke. 2010;42:93–7. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.594481 .CrossRef PubMed
88.Linfante I, Starosciak AK, Walker GR, et al. Predictors of poor outcome despite recanalization: a multiple regression analysis of the NASA registry. J Neurointerv Surg neurintsurg. 2015. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011525
89.Berkhemer OA, Fransen PS, Beumer D, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:11–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411587 .CrossRef PubMed
90.Vagal AS, Khatri P, Broderick JP, et al. Time to angiographic reperfusion in acute ischemic stroke: decision analysis. Stroke. 2014;45:3625–30. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007188 .CrossRef PubMed
91.Menon BK, Almekhlafi MA, Pereira VM, et al. Optimal workflow and process-based performance measures for endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke: analysis of the Solitaire FR thrombectomy for acute revascularization study. Stroke. 2014;45:2024–9. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005050 .CrossRef PubMed
92.Goyal M, Almekhlafi MA, Fan L, et al. Evaluation of interval times from onset to reperfusion in patients undergoing endovascular therapy in the Interventional Management of Stroke III trial. Circulation. 2014;130:265–72. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007826 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
93.Gupta R, Horev A, Nguyen T, et al. Higher volume endovascular stroke centers have faster times to treatment, higher reperfusion rates and higher rates of good clinical outcomes. J Neurointerv Surg. 2013;5:294–7. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2011-010245 .CrossRef PubMed
94.•Xian Y, Smith EE, Zhao X, et al. Strategies used by hospitals to improve speed of tissue-type plasminogen activator treatment in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2014;45:1387–95. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003898 . Xian et al. studied 304 hospitals participating in the Target Stroke program at baseline. They found that only one third of tPA-treated patients had door-to-needle times less than 60 min. Rapid triage protocol, stroke team notification, single call activation systems, and storing tPA in the ED were strongly associated with lower door-to-needle times. CrossRef PubMed
95.Meretoja A, Strbian D, Mustanoja S, et al. Reducing in-hospital delay to 20 minutes in stroke thrombolysis. Neurology. 2012;79:306–13. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825d6011 .CrossRef PubMed
96.Meretoja A, Weir L, Ugalde M, et al. Helsinki model cut stroke thrombolysis delays to 25 minutes in Melbourne in only 4 months. Neurology. 2013;81:1071–6. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a4a4d2 .CrossRef PubMed
97.Kamal N, Kashyap D, Demchuk AM, et al. Benchmarking door-to-needle time: an analysis of improvements at the Calgary Stroke Program. Stroke. 2014;45:E274.CrossRef
98.Harjai KJ, Orshaw P, Yaeger L, et al. Variability in maximal suggested door-in-door-out time for hospitals transferring patients for primary angioplasty in STEMI. J Interv Cardiol. 2013;26:596–603. doi:10.1111/joic.12074 .CrossRef PubMed
99.Purrucker JC, Hametner C, Engelbrecht A, et al. Comparison of stroke recognition and stroke severity scores for stroke detection in a single cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:1021–8. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-309260 .CrossRef PubMed
100.Brinjikji W, Murad MH, Rabinstein AA, et al. Conscious sedation versus general anesthesia during endovascular acute ischemic stroke treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36:525–9. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4159 .CrossRef PubMed
101.Heyer EJ, Anastasian ZH, Meyers PM. What matters during endovascular therapy for acute stroke: anesthesia technique or blood pressure management? Anesthesiology. 2012;116:244–5. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318242b1e3 .CrossRef PubMed
102.•Berkhemer OA, van den Berg LA, Fransen PSS, et al. Impact of General Anesthesia on Treatment Effect in the MR CLEAN trial. Int Stroke Conf. 2015. Berkhemer et al. performed a post hoc analysis of the sedation techniques used (general anesthesia vs. local anesthesia) in the endovascular therapy patients enrolled in the MR CLEAN trial. They found that local anesthesia patients obtained good outcomes (mRS 0–2) significantly more often than patients under general anesthesia.
103.•Xian Y, Smith EE, Zhao X, et al. Strategies used by hospitals to improve speed of tissue-type plasminogen activator treatment in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2014;45:1387–95. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003898 . van den Berg et al. studied 348 patients treated with endovascular therapy; 70 of these patients were treated with general anesthesia during the procedure. They found significantly higher rates of good outcome (mRS 0–2) in the patients not treated with general anesthesia and higher (but not significant) mortality rates in the general anesthesia group. CrossRef PubMed
104.Cheng YD, Al-Khoury L, Zivin JA. Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: two decades of success and failure. NeuroRx. 2004;1:36–45. doi:10.1602/neurorx.1.1.36 .CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
105.Hill MD, Martin RH, Mikulis D, et al. Safety and efficacy of NA-1 in patients with iatrogenic stroke after endovascular aneurysm repair (ENACT): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:942–50. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70225-9 .CrossRef PubMed

作者单位：Jessalyn K. Holodinsky (1)
Amy Y. X. Yu (1) (2) (3)
Zarina A. Assis (4)
Abdulaziz S. Al Sultan (1) (3)
Bijoy K. Menon (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Andrew M. Demchuk (2) (3) (4) (5)
Mayank Goyal (2) (3) (4) (5)
Michael D. Hill (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1. Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, HBA 2935D, 3300 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
2. Calgary Stroke Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
3. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
4. Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
5. Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
6. Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

刊物主题：Neurology; Neurosciences;

出版者：Springer US

ISSN：1534-6293

文摘

More than 800,000 people in North America suffer a stroke each year, with ischemic stroke making up the majority of these cases. The outcomes of ischemic stroke range from complete functional and cognitive recovery to severe disability and death; outcome is strongly associated with timely reperfusion treatment. Historically, ischemic stroke has been treated with intravenous thrombolytic agents with moderate success. However, five recently published positive trials have established the efficacy of endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke. In this review, we will discuss the history of stroke treatments moving from various intravenous thrombolytic drugs to intra-arterial thrombolysis, early mechanical thrombectomy devices, and finally modern endovascular devices. Early endovascular therapy failures, recent successes, and implications for current ischemic stroke management and future research directions are discussed.