Quaternary extensional and compressional tectonics revealed from Quaternary landforms along Kosi River valley, outer Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, Uttarakhand

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• 作者：Khayingshing Luirei ; S. S. Bhakuni…
• 关键词：Fan deposits ; Ramgarh Thrust ; South Almora Thrust ; Sackungen ; Outer Kumaun Lesser Himalaya
• 刊名：International Journal of Earth Sciences
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：105
• 期：3
• 页码：965-981
• 全文大小：9,047 KB
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• 作者单位：Khayingshing Luirei (1)
  S. S. Bhakuni (1)
  Girish Ch. Kothyari (2)
  Kavita Tripathi (1)
  P. D. Pant (3)
  
  1. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, India
  2. Institute of Seismological Research, Raisan, Gandhinagar, India
  3. Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Geology
  Geophysics and Geodesy
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1437-3262

文摘

A portion of the Kosi River in the outer Kumaun Lesser Himalaya is characterized by wide river course situated south of the Ramgarh Thrust, where huge thickness (~200 m) of the landslide deposits and two to three levels of unpaired fan terraces are present. Brittle normal faults, suggesting extensional tectonics, are recognized in the Quaternary deposits and bedrocks as further supported by surface morphology. Trending E–W, these faults measure from 3 to 5 km in length and are traced as discontinuous linear mini-horst and fault scarps (sackungen) exposed due to cutting across by streams. Active normal faults have displaced the coarsely laminated debris fan deposits at two sites located 550 m apart. At one of the sites, the faults look like bookshelf faulting with the maximum displacement of ~2 m and rotation of the Quaternary boulders along the fault plane is observed. At another site, the maximum displacement measures about 0.60 cm. Thick mud units deposited due to blocking of the streams by landslides are observed within and above the fan deposit. Landslide debris fans and terrace landforms are widely developed; the highest level of fan is observed ~1240 m above mean sea level. At some places, the reworking of the debris fans by streams is characterized by thick laminated sand body. Along the South Almora Thrust and Ramgarh Thrust zones, the valleys are narrow and V-shaped where Quaternary deposits are sparse due to relatively rapid uplift across these thrusts. Along the South Almora Thrust zone, three to four levels of fluvial terraces are observed and have been incised by river exposing the bedrocks due to recent movement along the RT and SAT. Abandoned channel, tilted mud deposits, incised meandering, deep-cut V-shaped valleys and strath terraces indicate rapid uplift of the area. Thick mud sequences in the Quaternary columns indicate damming of streams. A ~10-km-long north–south trending transverse Garampani Fault has offset the Ramgarh Thrust producing tectonic landforms.