Mineralogy, geochemistry, and evolution of the Mivehrood skarn and the associated pluton, northwest Iran

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Saeed Alirezaei ; Morteza Einali ; Peter Jones…
• 关键词：Mivehrood skarn ; Adakite ; Mineral chemistry ; F ; bearing garnet ; Sulfur isotope ; Iran
• 刊名：International Journal of Earth Sciences
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：105
• 期：3
• 页码：849-868
• 全文大小：4,236 KB
• 参考文献：Alirezaei S, Hassanpour S (2011) An overview of porphyry copper deposits in Iran. The 1st world copper congress, Iran; Proceedings with abstracts, pp 49–62
  Alirezaei S, Mohammadzadeh Z (2009) Hydrothermal alteration-mineralization at Chahfiroozeh porphyry copper deposit, Kerman province, southern Iran. AGU 2009 Joint Assembly, Toronto, GA71A-15 (abstract)
  Alirezaei S, Einali M, Arjmandzadeh R (2006) Porphyry-skarn relations; example from Mivehrood area, northwest Iran. GAC-MAC annual meeting; Montreal, Canada, Proceeding with abstracts, 31, 3
  Arjmandzadeh R (2006) The geochemistry, alteration and gold mineralization in the Kharvana (Mivehrood) granitoid stock, East Azarbaijan. MSc thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. In Persian with English abstract
  Berberian F, Berberian M (1981) Tectono-plutonic episodes in Iran. In: Gupta HK, Delany FM (eds) Zagros-Hindu Kush-Himalaya geodynamic evolution, vol 3., Geodynamics SeriesAmerican Geophysical Union, Washington, pp 5–32CrossRef
  Berberian M, King GC (1981) Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Can J Earth Sci 18:210–265CrossRef
  Calagari A, Hosseinzadeh G (2006) The mineralogy of copper-bearing skarn to the east of the Sungun-Chay river, East-Azarbaijan, Iran. J Asian Earth Sci 28:423–438CrossRef
  Chakhmouradian AR, Cooper A, Medici L, Hawthorne F, Adar F (2008) Fluorine-rich Hibschite from silicocarbonatite, Afrikanda Complex, Russia: crystal chemistry and conditions of crystallization. Can Mineral 46:1033–1042CrossRef
  Changsheng L, Reed MH, Misra KC (1992) Zinc-lead skarn mineralization at Tin Creek, Alaska: fluid inclusions and skarn-forming reactions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:109–119CrossRef
  Davies JH, Blanckenburg VF (1995) Slab breakoff: a model of lithosphere detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogenes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 129:85–102CrossRef
  Deer WA, Howie RA, Zussman J (1991) An introduction to the rock-forming minerals, 2nd ed. Longman Scientific
  Defant MJ, Drummond MS (1990) Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature 347:662–665CrossRef
  Defant MJ, Kepezhinskas PK (2001) Evidence suggests slab melting in arc magmas. EOS 82:62–70CrossRef
  East Azarbaijan Bureau of Mines (2000) Exploration for precious metals in Kharvana (Mivehrood) area. Internal report, 125 p (In Persian)
  Einali M (2006) The geochemistry, alteration, and gold mineralization in the metamorphic-metasomatic rocks in the Kharvana (Mivehrood) area, East Azarbaijan. MSc thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. In Persian, with English Abstract
  Einaudi MT (1982) General features and origin of skarns associated with porphyry copper plutons. In: Titley SR (ed) Advances in the geology of porphyry copper deposits: southwest north America. University of Arizona Press, pp 185–209
  Einaudi MT, Meinert LD, Newberry RJ (1981) Skarn deposits. Econ Geol 75th Anniversary Volume, pp 317–391
  Fontbote L, Vallance J, Markowski A (2004) Oxidized gold skarns in the Nambija district, Ecuador. Soc Econ Geol 11:341–357
  Forster DB, Seccombe PK, Phillips D (2004) Controls on Skarn Mineralization and Alteration at the Cadia Deposits, New South Wales, Australia. Econ Geol 99:761–788CrossRef
  Franchini MB, Meinert LD, Montenegro TF (2000) Skarns related to porphyry-style mineralization at Caicayen Hill, Neuquen, Argentina: composition and evolution of hydrothermal fluids. Econ Geol 95:1197–1213
  Gresens RL (1967) Composition–volume relationships of metasomatism. Chem Geol 2:47–55CrossRef
  Hassanpour S (2010) Metallogeny and mineralization of Cu-Au in Arasbaran Zone, NW of Iran. PhD thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. In Persian, with English Abstract
  Hassanpour S (2013) The alteration, mineralogy and geochronology (SHRIMP U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar) of copper-bearing Anjerd skarn, north of the Shayvar mountain, NW Iran. Int J Earth Sci 102:687–699CrossRef
  Hassanpour S, Alirezaei S, Selby D, Sergeev S (2015) SHRIMP zircon U-Pb and biotite and hornblende Ar–Ar geochronology of Sungun, Haftcheshmeh, Kighal, and Niaz porphyry Cu–Mo systems: evidence for an early Miocene porphyry-style mineralization in northwest Iran. Int J Earth Sci 104:45–59CrossRef
  Hassanzadeh J (1993) Metallogenic and tectonomagmatic events in the SE sector of the Cenozoic active continental margin of central Iran (Shahr-e-Babak area, Kerman province). PhD thesis, University of California
  Heidari F (2009) Geology, alteration and mineralization in the Iju copper deposit, Kerman Province, Iran. MSc thesis, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. In Persian, with English Abstract
  Hezarkhani A, Williams-Jones AE (1998) Controls of alteration and mineralization in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit, Iran: evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes. Econ Geol 93:651–670CrossRef
  Knowles CR (1987) A basic program to recast garnet end members. Comput Geosci 13:655–658CrossRef
  Kretz R (1983) Symbols for rock-forming minerals. Am Mineral 68:277–279
  Kuscu I, Gencalioglu G, Meinert LD, Floyed PA (2002) Tectonic setting and petrogenesis of the Celebi granitoid (Kirikkale-Turkey) and comparison with world skarn granitoids. J Geochem Explor 76:175–194CrossRef
  Kwak TAP (1986) Fluid inclusions in skarns (carbonate replacement deposits). J Metamorph Geol 4:363–384CrossRef
  Kwak TAP (1994) Hydrothermal alteration in carbonate-replacement deposits; ore skarns and distal equivalents. In: Lentz DR (ed) Alteration and alteration processes associated with ore-forming systems. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, vol 11, pp 381–402
  Logan MAV (2000) Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Gualian skarn deposit in the Precordillera of Western Argentina. Ore Geol Rev 17:113–138CrossRef
  Manning CE, Bird DK (1990) Fluorian calcic garnets from the host rocks of the Skaergaard intrusion: implications for metamorphic fluid composition. Am Mineral 75:859–873
  Martin H (1999) Adakitic magmas: modern analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos 46:411–429CrossRef
  McInnes BIA, Evans NJ, Belousova E, Griffin WL (2003) Porphyry copper deposits of the Kerman belt, Iran: timing of mineralization and exhumation processes. CSIRO Science Resource Report 41
  Mehrpartou M (1997) Geological Map of the Siahrood Quadrangle. No. 5267, 1:100000 Series, Geological Survey of Iran
  Meinert LD (1982) Skarn, manto, and breccia pipe formation in sedimentary rocks of the Cananea mining district, Sonora, Mexico. Econ Geol 77:919–949CrossRef
  Meinert LD (1984) Mineralogy and petrology of iron skarns in western British Columbia, Canada. Econ Geol 79:869–882CrossRef
  Meinert LD (1992) Skarns and skarn deposits. Geosci Can 19:145–162
  Meinert LD, Hedenquist JW, Satoh H, Matsuhisa Y (2003) Formation of anhydrous and hydrous skarns in Cu–Au ore deposits by magmatic fluids. Econ Geol 98:147–156CrossRef
  Middlemost EAK (1994) Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system. Earth Sci Rev 37:215–224CrossRef
  Mollai H, Sharma R, Pe-Piper G (2009) Copper mineralization around the Ahar batholith, north of Ahar (NW Iran): evidence for fluid evolution and the origin of the skarn ore deposit. Ore Geol Rev 35:401–414CrossRef
  Myers GL (1994) Geology of the Copper Canyon-Fortitude skarn system, Battle Mountain, Nevada. PhD thesis, Washington State University, USA
  Ohmoto H, Goldhaber MB (1997) Isotopes of sulfur and carbon. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. 3rd ed. Wiley, pp 517–611
  Pan Y, Fleet ME, Ray GE (1994) Scapolite in two Canadian gold deposits: Nickel Plate, British Columbia, and Hemlo, Ontario. Can Mineral 32:825–837
  Pearce JA (1983) Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In: Hawkesworth CJ, Norry MJ (eds) Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths. Shiva Press, Nantwich, pp 230–249
  Pearce JA, Harris NBW, Tindle AG (1984) Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. J Petrol 25:956–983CrossRef
  Ray GE, Webster ICL (1991) An overview of skarn deposits. In: Ore deposits, tectonics and Metallogeny in the Canadian Cordillera. British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mine and Petroleum Resources, Paper 4:213–252
  Richards JP (2009) Postsubduction porphyry Cu–Au and epithermal Au deposits: products of remelting of subduction-modified lithosphere. Geology 37:247–250CrossRef
  Richards JP, Kerrich R (2007) Adakite-like rocks: their diverse origins and questionable role in metallogenesis. Econ Geol 102:537–576CrossRef
  Samani B (1998) Distribution, setting and metallogenesis of copper deposits in Iran. In: Porter TM (ed) Porphyry and hydrothermal copper and gold deposits: a global perspective, Perth, 1998, conference proceedings: Glenside, South Australia, Aust Min Found pp 135–158
  Shafiei B, Haschke M, Shahabpour J (2009) Recycling of orogenic arc crust triggers porphyry Cu-mineralization in Kerman Cenozoic arc rocks, southeastern Iran. Miner Deposita 44:265–283CrossRef
  Smith MP, Henderson P, Jeffries TER, Long J, Williams CT (2004) The Rare Earth Elements and Uranium in Garnets from the Beinn and Dubhaich Aureole, Skye, Scotland, UK: constraints on processes in a dynamic hydrothermal system. J Petrol 45:457–484CrossRef
  Stampfli GM (2000) Tethyan ocean. In: Bozkhurt E, Whichester JA, Piper JDA (eds) Tectonic and magmatism in Turkey and surrounding area. Special Publication, pp 1–23
  Stöcklin J, Setudenia A (1972) Lexique stratigraphique international, vol III. ASIE Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique, Paris 75
  Sun SS, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Sunders AD, Norry MJ (eds) Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society Special Publications, London, pp 313–345
  Taghipour N, Aftabi A, Mathur R (2007) Geology and Re-Os geochronology of mineralization of the Miduk porphyry copper deposit, Iran. Resour Geol 58:143–160CrossRef
  Ulrych J, Povondra P, Pivec E, Rutšek J, Sitek J (1994) Compositional evolution of metasomatic garnet in melilitic rocks of the Osečná complex, Bohemia. Can Mineral 32:637–647
  Valley JW, Essene EJ, Peacor DR (1983) Fluorine- bearing garnets in Adirondack calc- silicates. Am Mineral 68:444–448
  Verdel C, Wernicke BP, Hassanzadeh J, Guest B (2011) A Paleogene extensional arc flare-up in Iran. Tectonics 30(TC3008):19
  Zahedi A, Boomeri M, Nakashima K, Mackizadeh MA, Ban M, Lentz DR (2014) Geochemical characteristics, origin, and evolution of ore-forming fluids of the Khut Copper Skarn deposit, west of Yazd in Central Iran. Resour Geol 64:209–232CrossRef
  
• 作者单位：Saeed Alirezaei (1)
  Morteza Einali (1)
  Peter Jones (2)
  Shohreh Hassanpour (3)
  Reza Arjmandzadeh (4)
  
  1. Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box: 15875-4731, Tehran, Iran
  2. Ottawa-Carleton Geosciences Centre, University of Carleton, Ottawa, Canada
  3. Department of Geology, Payame Noor University, Karaj, Iran
  4. Department of Geology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Geology
  Geophysics and Geodesy
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1437-3262

文摘

An Upper Miocene (9.12 ± 0.19 Ma; biotite 40Ar/39Ar) shallow pluton and numerous dykes and sills of felsic–intermediate compositions intruded the Upper Cretaceous, flysch-type sediments in the Mivehrood area, northwest Iran. The intrusions caused extensive thermal metamorphism and metasomatism, leading to the formation of hornfels and skarn. A massive skarn, 1–10 m thick, immediate to the intrusive contact, is bordered by a banded skarn, 100–400 m thick, that grades outward into hornfels and original sediments. The Mivehrood pluton is characterized by steep REE pattern, high Al₂O₃ (14.64–16.4 wt%) and Sr (380–786 ppm), and low MgO (1.3–3.4 wt%), Y (4.8–10.7 ppm), and Yb (0.35–0.95 ppm), characteristics typical of high-silica adakites. Skarn formation started with thermal metamorphism, followed by anhydrous prograde and hydrous retrograde stages. Prograde and retrograde mineral assemblages are developed in both skarns, represented by garnet–clinopyroxene–wollastonite and epidote–actinolite–scapolite–chlorite, respectively. Granditic F-bearing garnet dominates clinopyroxene in both skarns. The banded skarn contains minor scapolite of marialite composition. The calc-silicate mineral assemblages and the mineral chemistry allow the Mivehrood skarn to be classified as a calcic, oxidized skarn. Mass balance assessments suggest that Fe, Si, and S were significantly enriched, and Na, LILEs, and LREEs were strongly depleted, in the massive skarn. In the banded skarn, Na, K, Si, and S were enriched. Significant dehydration and carbon degassing occurred in both skarns. Stockworks, veins, and replacement bodies of pyrite ± chalcopyrite locally occur in the pluton and the dykes and in the skarns. The δ34S_CDT values for the sulfides fall in a narrow range around 0.0 ‰, suggesting a magmatic source for sulfur and possibly the hydrothermal water and solutes involved in the skarn formation.