摘要
德班平台的建立为当前国际气候谈判注入了新的要素和活力,也对未来国际政治格局和全球治理产生了重大的影响。德班平台启动以来,国际气候谈判的重心从巴厘岛路线图转移至德班平台特设工作组,主要谈判方不仅就2020年后国际气候谈判的方案和时间表等达成协议,而且增进了彼此谈判立场的理解与交流。目前,国际气候谈判主要围绕2020年后国际气候条约的法律地位、德班平台谈判的指导原则、框架与主要议题以及提升2020年前应对气候变化努力的途径等四个方面展开。虽然谈判刚刚进入实质性议题谈判阶段,但未来气候谈判的基本趋势已日渐显现。然而鉴于一些不确定因素的存在,德班平台启动以来的国际气候谈判的前景仍不够明朗,其对国际政治格局和全球治理的影响也有待进一步观察。
The establishment of Durban Platform for Enhanced Action is one of milestones in international efforts against climate change and brings new elements and energy into international climate negotiation,which has a great impact on future international political pattern and global governance.From then on,the focus of climate negotiation transferred from Bali Action Plan to Ad hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action(ADP),the main negotiating parties(groups)have strengthened their exchange and understanding about Durban Platform negotiation,and its work plan and timetable is finalized.Currently,the main negotiating issues includes legal form,guiding principles,mandate and issues of post-2020climate negotiation in addition to options and ways for increasing the level of pre-2020ambition.Though Durban Platform negotiation has just entered the phase of substantial issues negotiation,its general trends have gradually taken shape.However,due to some unconfirmed factors,the prospect of future climate negotiation is not clear enough and its influence on future international political pattern and global governance still needs further observation.
引文
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①它们分别是《公约》下执行附属机构(SBI)、科学技术附属小组(SBSTA)、《公约》缔约方大会(COP)以及《议定书》缔约方大会(CMP)。
①多数学者分析认为,特设工作组主席虽说应中立地开展工作,不受地区利益影响,但来自不同阵营和区域集团的主席自然会在议题设置、谈判文本草案等方面作出不同倾向的选择。在“德班平台”尚是一张白纸的情况下,掌控会议的操作权至关重要,由此成为各方争执的焦点之一。
②在2005—2011年间国际气候谈判实行双轨制(AWG-KP和AWG-LCA),德班平台启动后(2012年度),国际气候谈判实质上是三轨制(AWG-KP、AWG-LCA和ADP),但是随着2012年底多哈气候大会决定结束AWG-KP和AWG-LCA两大工作组,2013年起的国际气候谈判将单轨制,在ADP下进行。
①Submission by Lithuania and the European Commission on Behalf of the European Union and its Member States:The Scope,Design and Structure of the 2015Agreement,September 16,2013,http://unfccc.int/files/documentation/submissions_from_parties/adp/application/pdf/adp_eu_workstream_1_design_of_2015_agreement_20130916.pdf,pp.2-3.
①小岛国家和最不发达国家支持保持发达国家和发展中国家的区分,但是提出对不同国情的发展中国家区别对待,主张经济较发达的发展中国家承担有法律约束力的减排责任。
②各国政府和学者对自上而下模式与自下而上模式在气候责任分摊中有效性的看法,参见Remci Monei et al.,Building the Climate Change Regime:Survey and Analysis of Approaches,UNEP and WRI,2011.
③杨富强:“气候谈判一轨、二轨和三轨”,2012-08-31,http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_703b2a3e010145iz.html.
