摘要
【目的】本文调查了枣麦间作时冬小麦冠层光分布对土壤养分变化的影响。【方法】采用田间调查与室内分析相结合的方法,以株行距为3 m×4 m南北行向栽植的枣树(Ziziphus jujuba)与冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)间作系统为研究对象,以2016-2017年生长季冬小麦冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)为基础,在不同调查时期(拔节期、抽穗期、扬花期、灌浆期、成熟期)测定冬小麦冠层PAR,并同步测定土壤有机质、速效N、速效P、速效K等养分含量,分析冬小麦冠层PAR分布对土壤养分吸收利用的影响。【结果】不同调查时期冬小麦冠层PAR均呈"n"型单峰曲线时空分布,土壤中各养分含量变化也呈现出一定的时空异质特征,其中,土壤有机质和速效K均表现出"中间低,两侧高"的变化规律,速效N和速效P则表现出"东侧高,西侧低、中间低,两边高"和"东侧低,西侧高、中间低,两边高"的变化规律。土壤有机质、速效N、速效P和速效K含量分别在拔节期、成熟期、灌浆期和扬花期达到最低值,分别为15.04 g·kg~(-1)、58.98 mg·kg~(-1)、6.91 mg·kg~(-1)和164.86 mg·kg~(-1)。相关系分析显示,冬小麦冠层PAR与速效P呈极显著负相关,土壤有机质则与速效N、速效K分别呈极显著正相关和显著正相关。【结论】研究认为,枣麦间作系统中冬小麦冠层PAR时空分布具有一定的异质性,在冬小麦整个生育期内主要表现为"中间高,两侧低"和"东侧高,西侧低"的分布特征。长期处于异质光环境中的冬小麦对土壤速效养分利用的差异累积使其也呈现出明显的空间分布差异。为提高间作系统产量,可在冬小麦拔节期增施有机肥,扬花期增施K肥,灌浆期增施P肥,成熟期增施N肥,且适当增加巷道西侧区域施肥量。光照充足时,速效P的亏缺是限制冬小麦生长的主要养分因子。枣麦共生期间适当增施P肥有利于系统生产力的维持。
【Objective】This paper aimed to investigate the effect of winter wheat canopy light distribution on soil nutrient changes in the intercropping period of wheat and jujube.【Method】The combination of field investigation and indoor analysis was used. The intercropping system of jujube(Ziziphus jujuba) and winter wheat(Triticum aestivum) were planted at a spacing of 3 m×4 m from north to south, and based on the photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) of winter wheat canopy in the growing season from 2016 to 2017. The canopy PAR of winter wheat was measured at different survey periods(joining stage, heading stage, flowering stage, filling stage and mature stage), and the soil nutrient contents such as organic matter, available N, available P and available K, were measured simultaneously. The effect of winter wheat canopy PAR distribution on the absorption and utilization of soil nutrients was analyzed.【Result】The canopy PARs of winter wheat showed the spatial and temporal distribution of ‘n' type unimodal curves at different survey periods, and the changes in nutrient content in soil also showed certain spatial and temporal heterogeneity, of which the soil organic matter and available K all showed the characteristics of ‘low in the middle and high in both sides', and the available N and available P showed the characteristics of ‘high in the east, low in the west, low in the middle, high in both sides' and ‘low in the east, high in the west, low in the middle, and high in both sides'. The contents of soil organic matter, available N, available P, and available K reached the lowest values at the jointing stage, mature stage, filling stage, and flowering stage, and were 15.04 g·kg~(-1), 58.98 mg·kg~(-1), 6.91 mg·kg~(-1)and 164.86 mg·kg~(-1), respectively. Correlation analysis showed that winter wheat canopy PAR was significantly negatively correlated with available P, and soil organic matter was significantly positively correlated and significantly positively correlated with available N and available K, respectively.【Conclusion】The study considers that the temporal and spatial distribution of canopy PAR in winter wheat in jujube-wheat intercropping system has a certain heterogeneity. In the whole growth period of winter wheat, the main characteristics are ‘intermediate high, low on both sides' and ‘high on the east side and low on the west side'. The differential accumulation of available soil nutrients in winter wheat under long-term heterogeneity has shown significant differences in spatial distribution. In order to increase intercropping system yield, organic fertilizer can be added during jointing stage of winter wheat, K fertilizer can be increased during flowering stage, P fertilizer can be added during grain filling stage, N fertilizer can be increased during mature period, and the amount of fertilizer can be increased in the west side of alley. When light is sufficient, the deficiency of available P is the main nutrient factor that restricts the growth of winter wheat. Appropriate application of P fertilizer during the symbiosis between jujube and winter wheat is beneficial to the maintenance of system productivity.
引文
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