摘要
为了解菜粕替代鱼粉后单宁的作用,配制4组等氮等能饲料饲喂初重(39.84±3.09) g的暗纹东方鲀8周。以含43%鱼粉的实用基础饲料T0为对照;另设置3个不同的鱼粉用量组,用酪蛋白平衡蛋白质含量,并添加0.25%(T1)、0.75%(T2)和1.25%(T3)的水解单宁,使酪蛋白:水解单宁≈菜粕中蛋白含量:菜粕中单宁含量=16.8∶1。结果显示,随饲料中水解单宁添加量的增加,增重率呈上升趋势,饲料系数显著下降;肌肉粗脂肪含量T2组显著高于T0及T1组,对照组氨基酸水平显著高于其他组。肝脏抗氧化指标中,T0组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著低于其他组,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)则显著高于其他组,T3组丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于其他组。血清抗氧化指标中,3个单宁组MDA含量均显著高于对照组,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著下降。随饲料中水解单宁添加量的增加,血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性先升后降,与肝脏中趋势一致;T1组白蛋白(ALB)含量高于T0及T3组,显著高于T2组,T1组总蛋白(TP)含量高于T0组,显著高于T2及T3组。T1及T2组肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于T0组,胃和肠道中的蛋白酶活性随水解单宁添加量的增加显著上升,胃脂肪酶活性显著下降。T3组苦味受体T2R1表达量在舌尖和肠道均显著高于对照组;肝脏热休克蛋白HSP70表达量T0组显著高于T3;摄食偏好实验中,驯化前暗纹东方鲀摄食偏好随水解单宁添加量的增加显著下降,驯化8周后,4组实验鱼对T2饲料的偏好程度均显著高于T0,T0饲料高于T1和T3组。研究表明,添加1.25%及以下水解单宁对暗纹东方鲀生长无负面影响,一定程度上对饲料有节约作用;添加水解单宁会改变鱼体对蛋白质、脂肪和糖类的消化及蛋白质合成代谢,添加量在1.25%时会损伤抗氧化能力和抗应激能力;用含有水解单宁的饲料驯化暗纹东方鲀可显著提高其对水解单宁添加量为0.75%的饲料的偏好程度,并提高对苦味的接受能力。
Total 720 Takifugu fasciatus(initial weight 39.84 ± 3.09 g) were fed with four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi-purified diets for eight weeks: control diet(T0) with hydrolysable tannin-free protein sources(containing 43% fish meal) and three experimental diets supplemented with 0.25%, 0.75%, and 1.25%hydrolysable tannin(called T1, T2, and T3, respectively). In experimental diets, crude protein content was balanced by casein when fish meal level decreased, and the ratio of casein to tannin was nearly equal to that of protein content to tannin content in rapeseed meal(16.8:1).The results showed that the weight gain rate was not influenced, while feed coefficient ratio decreased significantly with increasing tannin level; the muscle crude lipid of T2 was significantly higher than those of T0 and T1, and the amino acid level of T0 was significantly higher than other groups; for liver antioxidant index, the activity of catalase(CAT) in T0 was significantly lower than other groups, while total antioxidative capacity(T-AOC) in T0 was significantly higher than other groups, the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and the content of malonaldehyde(MDA) in T3 was significantly higher than other groups; for serum antioxidant index, the activity of SOD showed no significantly difference(P>0.05),while the content of MDA in T0 was significantly lower than other groups, and the activity of catalase(CAT)decreased with increasing tannin level; for serum biochemical indices, the activity of ALT first increased, and then decreased at T2, paralleling the result of ALT in liver, the content of album(ALB) in T1 was higher than T3(P>0.05) and T1 was significantly higher than T0 and T3 groups, the total protein(TP) content of T1 was higher than T0, and T1 was significantly higher than T2 and T3; the activity of intestinal amylase in T1 and T2 groups were significantly higher than T0, the activity of protease increased with increasing tannin level in both stomach and intestine, the activity of lipase decreased in stomach; the expression of T2 R1 mRNA in T3 was significantly higher than T0 both in tongue and intestine(P<0.01); the expression of HSP70 mRNA in liver in T0 was significantly higher than T3. Furthermore, the preference decreased with increasing tannin level before feeding test, while after 8-week domestication, the fish preferred to diet containing 0.75% tannin in all groups. In conclusion, feeding obscure puffer with diet containing no more than 1.25% supplemental hydrolysable tannin would not decrease growth and feed coefficient ratio, while it would change the digestion of protein, lipid,carbohydrate and anabolism of protein, and when the amount of supplemental hydrolysable tannin was up to1.25%, antioxidant ability and anti-stress ability were both damaged.
引文
[1]Yigit N O,Olmez M.Effects of cellulase addition to canola meal in tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus L.)diets[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2011,17(2):e494-e500.
[2]Yuan X,Zhou Y,Liang X F,et al.Effect of dietary glutathione supplementation on the biological value of rapeseed meal to juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2015,21(1):73-84.
[3]Xu W J,Jin J Y,Han D,et al.Physiological and transcriptomic responses to fishmeal-based diet and rapeseed meal-based diet in two strains of gibel carp(Carassius gibelio)[J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2019,45(1):267-286.
[4]Zhou Q L,Habte-Tsion H M,Ge X,et al.Graded replacing fishmeal with canola meal in diets affects growth and target of rapamycin pathway gene expression of juvenile blunt snout bream,Megalobrama amblycephala[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2018,24(1):300-309.
[5]Collins S A,Desai A R,Mansfield G S,et al.The effect of increasing inclusion rates of soybean,pea and canola meals and their protein concentrates on the growth of rainbow trout:concepts in diet formulation and experimental design for ingredient evaluation[J].Aquaculture,2012,344-349:90-99.
[6]徐建雄,叶陈梁,王晶.双低菜籽粕中营养成分与有毒有害物质的分析[J].粮食与饲料工业,2005(11):28-29.Xu J X,Ye C L,Wang J.Analysis on nutritive ingredients and deleterious substances in double-low rapeseed meal[J].Cereal&Feed Industry,2005(11):28-29(in Chinese).
[7]Koleckar V,Kubikova K,Rehakova Z,et al.Condensed and hydrolysable tannins as antioxidants influencing the health[J].Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry,2008,8(5):436-447.
[8]Schofield P,Mbugua D M,Pell A N.Analysis ofcondensed tannins:a review[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2001,91(1/2):21-40.
[9]艾庆辉,苗又青,麦康森.单宁的抗营养作用与去除方法的研究进展[J].中国海洋大学学报,2011,41(1/2):33-40.Ai Q H,Miao Y Q,Mai K S.The anti-nutritional effects and the degradations of dietary tannins:a review[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2011,41(1/2):33-40(in Chinese).
[10]Schiavone A,Guo K,Tassone S,et al.Effects of a natural extract of chestnut wood on digestibility,performance traits,and nitrogen balance of broiler chicks[J].Poultry Science,2008,87(3):521-527.
[11]陈赛娟,谷新晰,刘涛,等.单宁酸对家兔肠道形态和内源酶活性的影响[J].饲料工业,2015,36(9):14-16.Chen S J,Gu X X,Liu T,et al.Effect of tannic acid on intestinal morphology and endogenous enzyme activity of rabbits[J].Feed Industry,2015,36(9):14-16.
[12]Marzo F,Urdaneta E,Santidrián S.Liver proteolytic activity in tannic acid-fed birds[J].Poultry Science,2002,81(1):92-94.
[13]Prusty A K,Sahu N P,Pal A K,et al.Effect of dietary tannin on growth and haemato-immunological parameters of Labeo rohita(Hamilton)fingerlings[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2007,136(1/2):96-108.
[14]Omnes M H,Le Goasduff J,Le Delliou H,et al.Effects of dietary tannin on growth,feed utilization and digestibility,and carcass composition in juvenile European seabass(Dicentrarchus labrax L.)[J].Aquaculture Reports,2017,6:21-27.
[15]Varanka Z,Rojik I,Varanka I,et al.Biochemical and morphological changes in carp(Cyprinus carpio L.)liver following exposure to copper sulfate and tannic acid[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology&Pharmacology,2001,128(3):467-477.
[16]祝璟琳,王国良.鱼类HSP70的研究进展[J].宁波大学学报(理工版),2007,20(4):446-450.Zhu J L,Wang G L.The research progress on HSP70 in fish species[J].Journal of Ningbo University(Natural Science and Engineering Edition),2007,20(4):446-450(in Chinese).
[17]孙健.草鱼鲜味受体功能和进化的初步研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014:9-17.Sun J.A preliminary study on function and evolution of umami taste receptors genes in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2014:9-17(in Chinese).
[18]Herness M S,Gilbertson T A.Cellular mechanisms of taste transduction[J].Annual Review of Physiology,1999,61:873-900.
[19]Stale R,Stale J H,Storebakken T.Adaptation to soybean meal in diets for rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss[J].Aquaculture,1997,153(3):263-272.
[20]王少梅,陈少莲,崔奕波.用氯仿-甲醇抽提法测定鱼体脂肪含量的研究[J].水生生物学报,1993,17(2):193-196.Wang S M,Chen S L,Cui Y B.On The procedures of chloroform-methanol extraction for the determination of lipid content of fish samples[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1993,17(2):193-196(in Chinese).
[21]Xue M,Xie S Q,Cui Y B.Effect of a feeding stimulant on feeding adaptation of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio(Bloch),fed diets with replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal[J].Aquaculture Research,2004,35(5):473-482.
[22]Rivera-Méndez C,Plascencia A,Torrentera N,et al.Effect of level and source of supplemental tannin on growth performance of steers during the late finishing phase[J].Journal of Applied Animal Research,2017,45(1):199-203.
[23]Lee S H,Shinde P L,Choi J Y,et al.Effects of tannic acid supplementation on growth performance,blood hematology,iron status and faecal microflora in weanling pigs[J].Livestock Science,2010,131(2/3):281-286.
[24]Jamroz D,Wiliczkiewicz A,Skorupińska J,et al.Effect of sweet chestnut tannin(SCT)on the performance,microbial status of intestine and histological characteristics of intestine wall in chickens[J].British Poultry Science,2009,50(6):687-699.
[25]李俊年,刘季科,陶双伦.单宁酸对根田鼠食物摄入量和蛋白质消化率的效应[J].兽类学报,2003,23(1):52-57.Li J N,Liu J K,Tao S L.Effects of tannic acid on the food intake and protein digestibility of root voles[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2003,23(1):52-57.
[26]吴晓颖.单宁酸对布氏田鼠下丘脑弓状核食欲调控基因表达和血清瘦素水平的影响[D].扬州:扬州大学,2015:46-47.Wu X Y.Effect of tannic acid on the expression ofappetite controlling genes in the arcuate nucleus ofhypothalamus and serum leptin levels of Brandt’s voles(Lasiopodomys brandtii)[D].Yangzhou:YangzhouUniversity,2015:46-47(in Chinese).
[27]王亚军,邹传山,王若茜,等.3种植物次生代谢物质对舞毒蛾的杀虫活性分析[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(11):75-81.Wang Y J,Zou C S,Wang R X,et al.Insecticidal activity analysis of three plant secondary metabolites on Lymantria dispar[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(11):75-81(in Chinese).
[28]Mode C J.A mathematical model for the co-evolution of obligate parasites and their hosts[J].Evolution,1958,12(2):158-165.
[29]Shimada T.Salivary proteins as a defense against dietary tannins[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2006,32(6):1149-1163.
[30]Charnov E L.Optimal foraging:attack strategy of a mantid[J].The American Naturalist,1976,110(971):141-151.
[31]Soares S,Kohl S,Thalmann S,et al.Different phenolic compounds activate distinct human bitter taste receptors[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(7):1525-1533.
[32]Bufe B,Hofmann T,Krautwurst D,et al.The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response toβ-glucopyranosides[J].Nature Genetics,2002,32(3):397-401.
[33]Li D Y,Zhang J Z.Diet shapes the evolution of the vertebrate bitter taste receptor gene repertoire[J].Molecular Biology and Evolution,2014,31(2):303-309.
[34]Ono K,Hasegawa K,Naiki H,et al.Anti-amyloidogenic activity of tannic acid and its activity to destabilize Alzheimer'sβ-amyloid fibrils in vitro[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta(BBA):Molecular Basis of Disease,2004,1690(3):193-202.
[35]刘华伟.栗树单宁的抗氧化能力及其对肉兔生产性能的影响研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2010:18-26.Liu H W.Study on antioxidant activity of chestnut tannins and its effect on growth performance of rabbits[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2010:18-26(in Chinese).
[36]陈宝江,裴素俭,魏忠华,等.单宁酸对肉仔鸡生产性能和消化道酶活性的影响研究[J].中国家禽,2012,34(20):26-28,32.Chen B J,Pei S J,Wei Z H,et al.Effect of tannic acid on production performance and digestive enzyme activity of broiler[J].China Poultry,2012,34(20):26-28,32(in Chinese).
[37]Sugiyama H,Akazome Y,Shoji T,et al.Oligomeric procyanidins in apple polyphenol are main active components for inhibition of pancreatic lipase and triglyceride absorption[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2007,55(14):5906-5906.
[38]Adisakwattana S,Moonrat J,Srichairat S,et al.Lipidlowering mechanisms of grape seed extract(Vitis vinifera L)and its antihyperlidemic activity[J].Journal of Medicinal Plants Research,2010,4(20):2113-2120.
[39]Nyman M E,Bj?rck I M.In vivo effects of phytic acid and polyphenols on the bioavailability of polysaccharides and other nutrients[J].Journal of Food Science,1989,54(5):1332-1335.
[40]Da Costa G,Lamy E,Capela e Silva F,et al.Salivary amylase induction by tannin-enriched diets as a possible countermeasure against tannins[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2008,34(3):376-387.
[41]郭彩茹,路纪琪.单宁酸对棕色田鼠和小鼠食物选择、日食量和蛋白质消化率的影响[J].中国比较医学杂志,2009,19(11):42-46.Guo C R,Lu J Q.Effect of tannic acid on food selection,food intake and protein digestion rate in mandarin vole and mice[J].Chinese Journal of Comparative Medicine,2009,19(11):42-46(in Chinese).
[42]Moro G V,Camilo R Y,Moraes G,et al.Dietary nonprotein energy sources:growth,digestive enzyme activities and nutrient utilization by the catfish jundiá,Rhamdia quelen[J].Aquaculture Research,2010,41(3):394-400.
[43]Frazier R A,Deaville E R,Green R J,et al.Interactions of tea tannins and condensed tannins with proteins[J].Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,2010,51(2):490-495.
[44]何洪英.单宁的生理活性[J].饮料工业,2001,4(5):19-21.He H Y.Physiological activities of tannin[J].Beverage Industry,2001,4(5):19-21(in Chinese).
[45]Shimada T,Saitoh T.Re-evaluation of the relationship between rodent populations and acorn masting:a review from the aspect of nutrients and defensive chemicals in acorns[J].Population Ecology,2006,48(4):341-352.
[46]田燕,邹波,董晓倩,等.不同聚合度柿子单宁的体内外抗氧化作用[J].食品科学,2013,34(13):54-60.Tian Y,Zou B,Dong X Q,et al.In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of persimmon tannin fractions of different degrees of polymerization[J].Food Science,2013,34(13):54-60(in Chinese).
[47]Pyla R,Kim T J,Silva J L,et al.Enhanced antimicrobial activity of starch-based film impregnated with thermally processed tannic acid,a strong antioxidant[J].International Journal of Food Microbiology,2010,137(2/3):154-160.
[48]Labieniec M,Gabryelak T,Falcioni G.Antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects of tannins in digestive cells of the freshwater mussel Unio tumidus[J].Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis,2003,539(1/2):19-28.
[49]Gil-Longo J,González-Vázquez C.Vascular pro-oxidant effects secondary to the autoxidation of gallic acid in rat aorta[J].The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2010,21(4):304-309.
