摘要
涉渔"三无"船舶的存在,不仅严重破坏海洋渔业资源,扰乱渔船管控秩序,而且严重影响渔民生命财产安全,侵害合法渔船的权益,是渔业安全生产的重大隐患。对涉渔"三无"船舶予以没收涉及海上、港口和陆上等多部门间的协作配合,已成为各级政府确定的绩效考核工作重点。但目前涉渔"三无"船舶没收的执法依据仍存在不足之处,在实际执法操作过程中已呈现诸多问题。从涉渔"三无"船舶界定、没收涉渔"三无"船舶的执法主体及处罚依据等方面梳理了涉渔"三无"船舶没收法律适用现状,通过分析发现,目前涉渔"三无"船舶没收法律制度存在,没收处罚依据存在争议、涉渔"三无"船舶认定困难、执法主体众多且权责不明、没收条文表述界定模糊、没收标准存在差异和没收后续执法困难等问题。要从根本上解决涉渔"三无"船舶问题,必须从法律制度层面着手,从执法根源上予以完善。因此,通过立法明确涉渔"三无"船舶概念及执法机构;明确界定没收涉渔"三无"船舶的条件和范围;增设船舶权属争议情况下的没收标准;出台涉渔"三无"船舶处置程序规定;设立听证告知程序保障渔船民权益等对策,以期为对涉渔"三无"船舶实现更加合理有效的整治提供参考。
Illegal fishery vessels(without name, null number, shipping certificate and port of registry)damage oceanic fishing resources severely, disturb the management and control of fishing vessels. Moreover, they expose fishermen's life and property to severe danger and infringe their legitimate rights and interests, making a major hidden danger to fishery production and fishermen's safety. The confiscation of such vessels involves the cooperation between maritime, port, land and other departments, which has become the focus of the performance appraisal of governments at all levels. However, there are deficiencies in the legitimate basis on which the illegal fishery vessels are confiscated. In the process of law enforcement, actually, problems of one kind and another have come up. This paper makes an analysis of the current situation of the application of law on the basis of which the illegal fishery vessels are confiscated in the aspects of the definition of illegal fishery vessels, the subject of law enforcement which confiscates the vessels, and the basis on which punishment is implemented. Results show that problems exist in the current law system for the illegal fishery vessels confiscation. For example, there are disputes on the punishment basis of confiscation; there are difficulties in the determination of illegal fishery vessels; there are too many subjects of law enforcement for clear responsibility and authority; the provisions of law on the illegal fishery vessels confiscation are vague; the confiscation of illegal fishery vessels lacks of a unified standard; and the postconfiscation enforcement of law is very hard to implement. The fundamental solution to the problem of illegal fishery vessels should be embarked upon the system of law, and the system of law completed from the source of law enforcement. Namely, both the concept of illegal fishery vessel and the agency of law enforcement should be cleared by legislation; the conditions and scope of the confiscation of illegal fishery vessels clearly defined; the standard of confiscation which is applied in disputes on vessel ownership added to the current law system; disposal procedures and regulations of illegal fishery vessels put in place; and a hearing procedure set up to protect fishermen's and fishing vessel owners' rights and interests. All this is aimed to provide useful reference for the more reasonable and effective rectification and governance of illegal fishery vessels.
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