摘要
分析了2013年秦俑博物馆(秦俑馆)1号坑遗址保护展示厅的室内空气质量,包括微气候条件、气溶胶质量浓度及化学组成的冬、夏季特征,并通过探讨其在1989至2013年间的演化,评价博物馆的旅游规划和环境改善政策对文物保存大气环境的长期影响。自20世纪90年代开始,秦俑馆内一系列环境措施的实施和旅游条件的建设,对秦俑馆室内的气溶胶及其组成产生了显著的影响。其中,夏季室内总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的质量浓度由1994年的540.0μg·m-3降低至2004年的172.4μg·m-3,冬季TSP的质量浓度由1994年的380.0μg·m-3降低至2005年的312.5μg·m-3。夏季PM2.5的质量浓度由2004的108.4μg·m-3降低至2013的65.7μg·m-3,冬季PM2.5的质量浓度由2005的242.3μg·m-3降低至2013的98.6μg·m-3。尽管如此,秦俑馆内的文物依然面临气溶胶酸性组分的长期威胁。
Long-term measurement results of indoor air quality(IAQ) from 1989 to 2013 inside Pit No.1, the largest display hall in Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Museum(QTM) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of measures for conservation environment improvement of antiques. By comparing the results of sampling campaigns in 2013 with databases in 1989, 2004-2005, 2006-2007,and 2011, seasonal and inter-annual variations in microclimate and aerosol chemical compositions were incorporated in estimating the probable influences of management of surroundings, tourist flow, excavation and restoration task, and renovation and/or newconstruction work on IAQ in the QTM. Since the implementation of the environmental policies of 1990 s, a significant decrease of indoor particulate matter mass for the QTM has been achieved. The mass concentrations of summer TSP decreased from 540.0 μg·m-3in 1994 to 172.4 μg·m- 3in 2004, as well as the winter TSP decreased from 380.0 μg·m- 3in 1994 to 312.5 μg·m- 3in 2005. The mass concentration of summer PM2.5decreased from 108.4 μg·m-3in 2004 to 65.7 μg·m-3in 2013, as well as the winter PM2.5from242.3 μg·m- 3in 2005 to 98.6 μg·m- 3in 2013. However, it is noted that potential hazards due to the secondary particulate acidic species in indoor air should still be considered to ensure the long- term preservation and conservation of the museum's artifact collection.
引文
[1]Thomson G.Air pollution-A review for conservation chemists[J].Studiesin Conservation,1965,10(4):147-167.
[2]Baer N S,Banks P N.Indoor air pollution:Effects on cultural andhistorical materials[J].International Journal of Museum ManageCuratorship,1985,4(1):9-20.
[3]Brimblecombe P.The composition of museum atmospheres[J].AtmosphericEnvironment,1990,24(1):1-8.
[4]Nazaroff W W,Salmon L G,Cass G R.Concentration and fate of airborneparticles in museums[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1990,24(1):66-77.
[5]Brimblecombe P,Blades N,Camuffo D,et al.The indoor environment of amodern museum building,the sainsbury centre for Visual Arts,Norwich,UK[J].Indoor Air,1999,9(3):146-164.
[6]De Bock L A,van Grieken R E,Camuffo D,et al.Microanalysis of museumaerosols to elucidate the soiling of paintings:Case of the Correr Museum,Venice,Italy[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1996,30(11):3341-3350.
[7]Broughton L.Report of commission on the site for a new National Gallery[J].British Sessional Papers,House of Commons,Session,1857,2:24.
[8]Ligocki M P,Liu HIH,Cass G R,et al.Measurements of particle depositionrates inside southern California museums[J].Aerosol Science andTechnology,1990,13(1):85-101.
[9]Grosjean D,Salmon L G,Cass G R.Fading of organic artists'colorants byatmospheric nitric acid:Reaction products and mechanisms[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1992,26(5):952-959.
[10]Gysels K,Deutsch F,van Grieken R.Characterisation of particulatematter in the Royal Museum of fine arts,Antwerp,Belgium[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(25):4103-4113.
[11]Camuffo D,Brimblecombe P,van Grieken R,et al.Indoor air quality atthe Correr Museum,Venice,Italy[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999,236(1):135-152.
[12]Worobiec A,Samek L,Karaszkiewicz P,et al.A seasonal study ofatmospheric conditions influenced by the intensive tourist flow in theRoyal Museum of Wawel Castle in Cracow,Poland[J].MicrochemicalJournal,2008,90(2):99-106.
[13]曹军骥.我国PM2.5污染现状与控制对策[J].地球环境学报,2012,3:1030-1036.Cao Junji.Pollution status and control strategies of PM2.5in China[J].Journal of Earth Environment,2012,3:1030-1036.
[14]Christoforou C S,Salmon L G,Cass G R.Fate of atmospheric particleswithin the Buddhist cave temples at Yungang,China[J].EnvironmentalScience&Technology,1996,30(12):3425-3434.
[15]Christoforou C S,Salmon L G,Cass G R.Passive filtration of airborneparticles from buildings ventilated by natural convection:Designprocedures and a case study at the Buddhist cave temples at Yungang,China[J].Aerosol Science&Technology,1999,30(6):530-544.
[16]Cao J,Rong B,Lee S,et al.Composition of indoor aerosols at EmperorQin's Terra-cotta Museum,Xi'an,China,during summer,2004[J].China Particuology,2005,3(3):170-175.
[17]Cao J,Li H,Chow J C,et al.Chemical composition of indoor and outdooratmospheric particles at Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Museum,Xi'an,China[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Resarch,2011,11(1):70-79.
[18]Hu T,Lee S,Cao J,et al.Characterization of winter airborne particles atEmperor Qin's Terra-cotta Museum,China[J].Science of the TotalEnvironment,2009,407(20):5319-5327.
[19]Hu T,Cao J,Ho K,et al.Winter and summer characteristics of airborneparticles inside Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum,China:A study byscanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometry[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2011,61(9):914-922.
[20]Huang R J,Zhang Y,Bozzetti C,et al.High secondary aerosolcontribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China[J].Nature,2014,514(7521):218-222.
[21]曹军骥.PM2.5与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.Cao Junji.PM2.5and environment[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014.
[22]秦始皇兵马俑博物馆年鉴[M].1990—2013.Yearbook of Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Museum[M].1990—2013.
[23]张志军.秦始皇兵马俑保护研究[M].西安:陕西人民教育出版社,1998.Zhang Zhijun.Study on environmental quality of Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Museum[M].Xi'an:Shaanxi People's Education Press,1998.
[24]董俊刚.兵马俑博物馆室内气溶胶理化特征与来源解析[D].西安:中国科学院地球环境研究所,2008.Dong Jungang.The physical and chemical characteristics and sourceappointment of indoor aerosols at Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Museum,Xi'an,China[D].Xi'an:Institute of Earth Environment,CAS,2008.
[25]李华,王文佳,赵凤艳,等.被动采样—离子色谱法对秦俑遗址环境腐蚀性气体的检测研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2014,26(4):54-61.Li Hua,Wang Wenjia,Zhao Fengyan,et al.Passive sampling and ionchromatography measurement of corrosive gases in Emperor Qin'sTerracotta Warriors and Horses Museum[J].Sciences of Conservationand Archaeology,2014,26(4):54-61.
[26]Xu H M,Cao J J,Ho K F,et al.Lead concentrations in fine particulatematter after the phasing out of leaded gasoline in Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,46:217-224.
[27]Chow J C,Watson J G.Ion chromatography in elemental analysis ofairborne particles[J].Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles,1999,1:97-137.
[28]Cao J J,Lee S C,Ho K F,et al.Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosolin Pearl River Delta Region,China during 2001 winter period[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(11):1451-1460.
[29]Kerminen V M,Hillamo R,TeinilK,et al.Ion balances of size-resolved tropospheric aerosol samples:Implications for the acidity andatmospheric processing of aerosols[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(31):5255-5265.
[30]Pierson W R,Brachaczek W W,Mc Kee D E.Sulfate emissions fromcatalyst-equipped automobiles on the highway[J].Journal of the AirPollution Control Association,1979,29(3):255-257.
[31]Truex T J,Pierson W R,Mc Kee D E.Sulfate in diesel exhaust[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1980,14(9):1118-1121.
[32]Ohta S,Okita T.A chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosol inSapporo[J].Atmospheric Environment.Part A.General Topics,1990,24(4):815-822.
[33]Cao J J,Zhang T,Chow J C,et al.Characterization of atmosphericammonia over Xi'an,China[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Resarch,2009,9(2):277-289.
[34]金丽娜,王建鹏,张弘.近40 a来西安市区与郊县气温变化特征对比[J].干旱气象,2013,31(4):720-725.Jin Lina,Wang Jianpeng,Zhang Hong.Comparative analysis ontemperature changes in city and suburbs of Xi'an over the past 40 years[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2013,31(4),720-725.
