摘要
1660年斯图亚特王朝在英国复辟,但复辟时期社会与政治文化已经发生深刻变革,强烈的反天主教情绪,天主教阴谋案与排斥法案最终引发政治危机。为维护统治的合法性,确立文化权威,查理二世在新的形势下,采取功利主义的君主形象策略,塑造既神圣又世俗、既传统又革新的两面性君主形象,英国君主的公众形象发生了重大转变。这种转变是当时英国社会过渡性、两面性特征的体现,在一定程度上有助于查理政权顺利度过政治危机。
the Stuart monarchy restored in 1660,but great changes had taken in society and political culture at Restoration.Anti-Catholicism attitude,pope conspiracy,and Exclusion Act eventually led to political crisis.In order to Establish legitimacy and authority of his rule,Charles II adopted pragmatic strategy to represent his image in the new circumstances.So mystical and accessible,and traditional and innovatory king's image was represented.Monarchy's image took a great change in England history.This change reflected transitional and ambiguous nature of that age,and to some extent it help Charles II get through the crisis.
引文
(1)目前涉足该领域的主要代表人物有凯文·夏普、提姆·哈里斯与马克·基特。参见Kevin Sharpe,Rebranding Rule: the Restoration and Revolution Monarchy,1660—1714,Yale University Press,2013.Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms,1660—1685,London and New York,2005.Mark Kights,Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and Political Culture, Oxford,2004.
(2)Kevin Sharpe,Rebranding Rule: the Restoration and Revolution Monarchy,1660—1714,Yale University Press,2013,p.93.
(3)参见[美]本尼迪克特·安德森著、吴叡人译:《想象的共同体:民族主义的起源与散布》,上海人民出版社2005年版。
(4)R.Latham and W.Matthews eds.,Diary and Samuel Pepys (11 vols,1970—1983),I,Berkeley and Los Angeles,2000,p.158.
(5)T.Rymer,“A General Draught and Prospect of Government in Europe,and Civil Policy Shewing the Antiquity,Power,Decay,of Parliaments”,in Donald G.Wing,Short-title Catalogue of Books Printed in England,Scotland,Ireland,Wales,and British America,1641—1700,2nd edn,4 vols,1972—1998,R2426,1681,p.77.(以下简称 Wing)
(6)④⑤Kevin Sharpe,Rebranding Rule: the Restoration and Revolution Monarchy,1660—1714,Yale University Press,2013,p.201;p.202;p.202.
(7)Westminster-Drollery,or a Choice Collection of the Newest Songs & Poems both at Court and Theaters by a Person of Quality (Wing W1458,1671),p.123.
(8)J.Nalson,The countermine,or,a Short but True Discovery of the Dangerous Pinciples and Secret Practices of the Dissenting Party (Wing N96,1677),p.3.
(9)④Kevin Sharpe,Rebranding Rule: the Restoration and Revolution Monarchy,1660—1714,Yale University Press,2013,p.205;p.211.
(10)S.Pincus,“Coffee Politicians Does Create: Coffee Houses and Restoration Political Culture”,Journal of Modern History,67 (1995),pp.807—834.
(11)J.Nalson,The Complaint of Liberty and Property Against Arbitrary Government (Wing N95,1681),pp.3—4.
(12)S.Pincus eds,A Nation Transformed: England After the Restoration,Cambridge,2002,pp.272—298.
(13)相传在1651年9月伍斯特战役中,查理二世全军覆没,他只身一人逃到塞文河附近,见追兵将至,便爬到一棵古老的橡树上,躲过了追兵的搜捕。这棵橡树后来被称做“皇家橡树”。
(14)A Poem on the most Edplorable Death of the Mighty Monarch,Charles II,King of England,Scotland,France,and Ireland (Wing P2701,1685),p.2.
(15)②③⑦Kevin Sharpe, Rebranding Rule: the Restoration and Revolution Monarchy,1660—1714, Yale University Press,2013,p.18;p.13;p.29;p.86.
(16)⑥E.Walker,A Circumstantial Account of the Preparations for the Coronation of his Majesty King Charles the Second and a Minute Detail of that Splendid Ceremony,London,1820,p.82;p.114.
(17)J.Heath,The Glories and Magnificent Triumphs of the Blessed Restitution of his Sacred Majesty k.Charles II (Wing H1335,1662),p.199.
(18)③⑤Kevin Sharpe,Rebranding Rule: the Restoration and Revolution Monarchy,1660—1714,Yale University Press,2013,p.87;p.189;p.189.
(19)O.Millar,The Tudor,Stuart and Early Georgian Pictures in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen.Lodon,1963,p.297.
(20)A.Browning ed.,Memoirs of Sir John Reresby,Glasgow,1936,p.259.
(21)②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧(11)Kevin Sharpe,Rebranding Rule: the Restoration and Revolution Monarchy,1660—1714,Yale University Press,2013,p.38;p.42;p.45;p.70;p.39;p.42;p.70;p.79;p.186.
(22)⑩E.Calamy,A Sermon Preached before the Lord Mayor,Aldermen,and Citizens of London at Bow-church on the 29th of May 1682 (Wing C216,1682),pp.11—12;p.35.
(23)E.Walker,A Circumstantial Account of the Preparations for the Coronation of his Majesty King Charles the Second and A Minute Detail of That Splendid Ceremony,London,1820,p.194.
(24)E.Walker,A Circumstantial Account of the Preparations for the Coronation of His Majesty King Charles the Second and A Minute Detail of That Splendid Ceremony,London,1820,p.78.
(25)J.Heath,The Glories and Magnificent Triumphs of the Blessed Restitution of his Sacred Majesty K.Charles II (Wing H1335,1662),p.194.
(26)④⑤⑥⑨⑩(11)(12)Kevin Sharpe,Rebranding Rule: the Restoration and Revolution Monarchy,1660—1714,Yale University Press,2013,p.161;p.74;p.75;p.75;p.76;p.76;p.76;p.70.
(27)S.Parker,A Discourse of Ecclesiastical Politie Wherein the Authority of the Civil Magistrate over the Consciences of Subjects in Matters of Religion is Asserted (Wing p459,2670),pp.xliv.
(28)天主教密谋案:1678年,亲辉格党的提图斯·奥茨制造谣言,宣称王后授意天主教神父,阴谋联合天主教信徒,正在策划一次暗杀国王查理二世的行动,以便使信仰天主教的詹姆斯取而代之,天主教即将在英国死灰复燃。英国开始了长达3年的恐慌,出现很多谣言,英格兰人的反天主教情绪被煽动到极点。多佛密约:为报复荷兰,查理开始与法国结盟,1670年英法签订密约,查理与法国一起对荷兰发动战争,并在合适的时候宣布自己为罗马天主教徒,但法国要承担财政方面的补助,并在胜利后将荷兰的港口送给英国人。
(29)G.Morley, A Sermon Preached at the Magnificent Coronation of the most High and Mighty King Charles the II(Wing M2794,1661),p.33.
(30)1683年,一群反对约克公爵詹姆斯继承王位的新教徒,计划在黑麦屋刺杀国王与公爵,让新教君王即位,史称“黑麦屋阴谋”事件。
(31)His Majesties Declaration to all his Loving Subjects,Concerning the Treasonable Conspiracy Against his Sacred Person and Government,Lately Discovered Appointed to be Read in all Churches and Chappels within this Kingdom (Wing C2998,1683),p.7.
(32)③⑤⑥⑧Kevin Sharpe, Rebranding Rule: the Restoration and Revolution Monarchy,1660—1714, Yale University Press,2013,p.36;p.53;p.60;p.64;p.66.
(33)Nathaniel Thompson,A Choice Collection of 180 Loyal Songs all of them Written since the two Late Plots(Wing T1003,1685).
(34)J.Nalson,The Common Interest of King and People Shewing the Original,Antiquity and Excellency of Monarchy,Compared with Aristocracy and Democracy,and Particularly of our English Monarchy (Wing M93,1678),p.266.
(35)J.Brydall,Jura Coronae his Majesties Royal Rights and Preogatives Asserted,Against Papal Usurpations,and all other Anti-monarchical Attempts and Practices (Wing B5260,1680),p.123.
(36)参见J.Miller, Charles II,London,1991.
(37)参见R.Ollard,The Image of The King: Charles I and Charles II,London,1979.
