摘要
The significance of soil mineral properties and secondary environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, ionic strength and time in the partitioning of eight selected polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB) congeners between aqueous solution and soil particles with different grain sizes was studied. The mineral properties of a model soil sample were determined, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) adsorption–desorption isotherms were employed to observe the surface characteristics of the individual modeled soil particles.Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the sorption of PCBs onto soil particles of different sizes. The results revealed that the sorption of PCB congeners onto the soil was dependent on the amount of soil organic matter, surface area, and pore size distribution of the various individual soil particles. Low pH favored the sorption of PCBs,with maximum sorption occurring between pH 6.5 and 7.5 with an equilibration period of 8 hr.Changes in the ionic strength were found to be less significant. Low temperature favored the sorption of PCBs onto the soil compared to high temperatures. Thermodynamic studies showed that the partition coefficient(K_d) decreased with increasing temperature, and negative and low values of ΔH° indicated an exothermic physisorption process. The data generated is critical and will help in further understanding remediation and cleanup strategies for polluted water.
The significance of soil mineral properties and secondary environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, ionic strength and time in the partitioning of eight selected polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB) congeners between aqueous solution and soil particles with different grain sizes was studied. The mineral properties of a model soil sample were determined, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) adsorption–desorption isotherms were employed to observe the surface characteristics of the individual modeled soil particles.Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the sorption of PCBs onto soil particles of different sizes. The results revealed that the sorption of PCB congeners onto the soil was dependent on the amount of soil organic matter, surface area, and pore size distribution of the various individual soil particles. Low pH favored the sorption of PCBs,with maximum sorption occurring between pH 6.5 and 7.5 with an equilibration period of 8 hr.Changes in the ionic strength were found to be less significant. Low temperature favored the sorption of PCBs onto the soil compared to high temperatures. Thermodynamic studies showed that the partition coefficient(K_d) decreased with increasing temperature, and negative and low values of ΔH° indicated an exothermic physisorption process. The data generated is critical and will help in further understanding remediation and cleanup strategies for polluted water.
引文
Achman,D.R.,Hornbuckle,K.C.,Eisenreich,S.J.,1993.Volatilization of polychlorinated biphenyls from Green Bay,Lake Michigan.Environ.Sci.Technol.27,75-87.
Adeyinka,G.C.,2014.The Determination of Organochlorinated Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediment,Soil and Water of the Msunduzi River,KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa.(MSc thesis).University of KwaZulu-Natal,Westville,South Africa.
Alhooshani,K.R.,2015.Adsorption of chlorinated organic compounds from water with cerium oxide activated carbon composite.Arab.J.Chem.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.04.013.
Atkins,P.W.,De Paula,J.,2006.Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences.W.H.Freeman and Company.
ATSDR(Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry),2000.Toxicological Profile for Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCBs).Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,Atlanta,Georgia Available.http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp17.pdf,Accessed date:21 April 2016.
Badea,S.-L.,Mustafa,M.,Lundstedt,S.,Tysklind,M.,2014.Leachability and desorption of PCBs from soil and their dependency on p H and dissolved organic matter.Sci.Total Environ.499,220-227.
Baker,J.E.,Capel,P.D.,Eisenreich,S.J.,1986.Influence of colloids on sediment-water partition coefficients of polychlorobiphenyl congeners in natural waters.Environ.Sci.Technol.20,1136-1143.
Belfort,G.,Altshuler,G.L.,Thallam,K.K.,Feerick Jr.,C.P.,Woodfield,K.L.,1984.Selective adsorption of organic homologues onto activated carbon from dilute aqueous solutions:solvophobic interaction approach IV.Effect of simple structural modifications with aliphatics.AICHE J.30,197-207.
Bergen,B.J.,Nelson,W.G.,Pruell,R.J.,1993.Partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the seawater of New Bedford Harbor,Massachusetts.Environ.Sci.Technol.27,938-942.
Borriruwisitsak,S.,Keenan,H.E.,Gauchott-Lindsay,C.,2012.Effect of salinity,p H and temperature on the octanol-water partitioning coefficient of bisphenol A.IJESD 3,460-464.
Buckley-Golder,D.,1999.Compilation of EU dioxins exposure and health data.Summary Report for European Commission DGEnvironment and the UK Department of the Environmental Transport and the Regions Available.http://greenpeace.se/files/file.72.pdf,Accessed date:22 September 2016.
Burton,E.D.,Phillips,I.R.,Hawker,D.W.,2004.Sorption and desorption behavior of tributyltin with natural sediments.Environ.Sci.Technol.38,6694-6700.
CUCE(Cornell University Cooperative Extension),2007.Cation Exchange Capacity(CEC).Agronomy Fact Sheet Series#22.Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,Cornell University Available.http://nmsp.cals.cornell.edu/publications/factsheets/factsheet22.pdf,Accessed date:24 August 2016.
Delle Site,A.,2001.Factors affecting sorption of organic compounds in natural sorbent/water systems and sorption coefficients for selected pollutants.J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data 30,187-439.
Duan,L.,Naidu,R.,2013.Effect of ionic strength and index cation on the sorption of phenanthrene.Water Air Soil Pollut.224,1700-1718.
Erickson,M.D.,Kaley,R.G.,2011.Applications of polychlorinated biphenyls.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.Int.8:135-151.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0392-1.
Ertli,T.,Marton,A.,F?ldényi,R.,2004.Effect of pH and the role of organic matter in the adsorption of isoproturon on soils.Chemosphere 57,771-779.
Flores,C.,Morgante,V.,González,M.,Navia,R.,Seeger,M.,2009.Adsorption studies of the herbicide simazine in agricultural soils of the Aconcagua valley,central Chile.Chemosphere 74,1544-1549.
Frankki,S.,Persson,Y.,Tysklind,M.,Skyllberg,U.,2006.Partitioning of CPs,PCDEs,and PCDD/Fs between particulate and experimentally enhanced dissolved natural organic matter in a contaminated soil.Environ.Sci.Technol.40,68-73.
Gdaniec-Pietryka,M.,Mechlinska,A.,Wolska,L.,Galuszka,A.,Namiesnik,J.,2013.Remobilization of polychlorinated biphenyls from sediment and its consequences for their transport in river waters.Environ.Monit.Assess.185,4449-4459.
Gondar,D.,López,R.,Antelo,J.,Fiol,S.,Arce,F.,2013.Effect of organic matter and pH on the adsorption of metalaxyl and penconazole by soils.J.Hazard.Mater.260,627-633.
Guo,X.J.,He,X.H.,Zang,H.,Deng,Y.,Cheng,L.,Jiang,A.Y.,2012.Characterization of the effect of organic matter extracted from the fermentation effluent of swine manure slurry using spectroscopic techniques and parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC).Microchem.J.102,115-122.
Hiller,E.,Jurkovic,L.,Bartal,M.,2008.Effect of temperature on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and sediment.Soil and Water Res.3,231-240.
IPCS,2003.Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 55.Polychlorinated Biphenyls:Human Health AspectsWorld Health Organization,Geneva,Switzerland:pp.1-60 Available.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241530553.pdf,Accessed date:14 July 2016.
Karickoff,S.W.,Brown,D.S.,Scott,T.A.,1979.Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments.Water Res.13,241-248.
Kipling,J.J.,1965.Adsorption From Solution of Non-electrolytes.Academic Press,London,pp.244-257.
Li,L.B.,Yan,S.,Han,C.B.,Shan,G.B.,2005.Comprehensive characterization of oil refinery effluent-derived humic substances using various spectroscopic approaches.Chemosphere 60,467-476.
Liying,S.,Weiling,S.,Jinren,N.I.,2009.Partitioning of water soluble organic carbon in three sediment size fractions:effect of the humic acid substances.J.Environ.Sci.21,113-119.
Lung,S.-C.,Yanagisawa,Y.,Ford,T.E.,Spengler,J.D.,2000.Characterization of sorption losses of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners onto glass surfaces.Chemosphere 41,1857-1867.
Meyer,P.A.,1994.Preservation of elemental and isotopic sources identification of sedimentary organic matter.Chem.Geol.114,289-302.
Muir,D.C.G.,Ford,C.A.,Rosenberg,B.,Norstrom,R.J.,Simon,M.,Béland,P.,1996.Persistent organochlorines in beluga whales(Delphinapterus leucas)from the St Lawrence River estuary-I.Concentrations and patterns of specific PCBs,chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans.Environ.Pollut.93(2),219-234.
Nimmo,J.R.,2004.Porosity and pore size distribution.In:Hillel,D.(Ed.),Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment v3.Elsevier,London,pp.295-303.
Persson,Y.,Hemstrom,K.,Oberg,L.,Tysklind,M.,Enell,A.,2008.Use of a column leaching test to study the mobility of chlorinated HOCs from a contaminated soil and the distribution of compounds between soluble and colloid phase.Chemosphere 71,35-42.
Qi,Y.,Zhang,T.C.,2015.Sorption and desorption of testosterone at environmentally relevant levels:effects of aquatic conditions and soil particle size fractions.J.Environ.Eng.142,1-9.
Qi,Y.,Zhang,T.,Ren,Y.Z.,2014.Testosterone sorption and desorption:effects of soil particle size.J.Hazard.Mater.279,493-501.
Rao,B.H.,Asolekar,S.R.,2001.QSAR models to predict effect of ionic strength on sorption of chlorinated benzenes and phenols at sediment-water interface.Water Res.35,3391-3401.
Rivero,C.,Senesi,N.,Paolini,J.,D'Orazio,V.D.,1998.Characteristics of humic acids of some Venezuelan soils.Geoderma 81,227-239.
Salam,M.A.,Burk,R.C.,2010.Thermodynamics and kinetics studies of pentachlorophenol adsorption by multi-walled carbon nanotubes.Water Air Soil Pollut.210,101-111.
Shin,H.S.,Monsallier,J.M.,Chopping,G.R.,1999.Spectroscopic and chemical characterization of molecular size fractionated humic acid.Talanta 50,641-647.
Shiu,W.Y.,Mackay,D.,1986.A critical review of aqueous solubilities,vapor pressures,Henry's law constants,and octanol-water partition coefficients of the polychlorinated biphenyls.J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data 15,911-929.
Taha,M.R.,Mobasser,S.,2015.Adsorption of DDT and PCB by nanomaterials from residual soil.PLoS One 10(12),1-16.
Tan,I.,Ahmad,A.,Hameed,B.,2009.Adsorption isotherms,kinetics,thermodynamics and desorption studies of2,4,6-trichlorophenol on oil palm empty fruit bunch-based activated carbon.J.Hazard.Mater.164,473-482.
UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme),2013.Results of the global survey on the concentrations in human milk of persistent organic pollutants by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization.Available.http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/19392/UNEPPOPSCOP6INF33English_%281%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yUNEP/POPs/COP.6/INF/33,Accessed date:26 September 2016.
US EPA(Environmental Protection Agency),2008.Fate,Transport and Transformation Test Guidelines OPPTS 835.1230Adsorption/Desorption(Batch Equilibrium).Environmental Fate and Effects Division,Office of Pesticide Programs,USEPA,Washington DC Available.http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/ecorisk_ders/soils_foreign.htm,Accessed date:30 September2016.
US EPA(United State Environmental Protection Agency),2000.Organization for Economic Corporation and Development(OECD 106)Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals.Available.https://archive.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/web/pdf/106_adsorption_desorption_using.pdf,Accessed date:20 July 2016.
Varghese,S.,Vinod,V.P.,Anirudhan,T.S.,2004.Kinetic and equilibrium characterization of phenols adsorption onto a novel activated carbon in water treatment.Indian J.Chem.Technol.11,825-833.
Vilanova,R.M.,Fernandez,P.,Grimalt,J.O.,2001.Polychlorinated biphenyl partitioning in the waters of a remote mountain lake.Sci.Total Environ.279,51-62.
Wang,P.,Keller,A.A.,2008.Particle-size dependent sorption and desorption of pesticides within a water-soil-nonionic surfactant system.Environ.Sci.Technol.42,3381-3387.
Wang,X.-C.,Zhang,Y.-X.,Chen,R.F.,2001.Distribution and partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in different size fractions in sediments from Boston Harbor,United States.Mar.Pollut.Bull.42(11),1139-1149.
Weber,W.J.,Morris,J.C.,1963.Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution.J.Sanit.Eng.Div.Am.Soc.Civ.Eng.89,31-60.
You,S.-J.,Yin,Y.,Allen,H.E.,1999.Partitioning of organic matter in soils:effects of pH and water/solution ratio.Sci.Total Environ.227,155-160.
Zheng,S.,Yang,Z.,Jo,D.H.,Park,Y.H.,2004.Removal of chlorophenols from ground water by chitosan sorption.Water Res.38,2315-2322.
