摘要
文章从"是"字存在句跟"有"字存在句替换限制的角度,探讨"是"字存在句的语义特点。文章指出,当"是"字存在句仅由句式表示"足量"意义时,句子可以替换为"有"字存在句,替换以后足量特征消失。当"是"字存在句由句法成分强调足量意义、或由百科知识强制足量意义实现时,句子不能替换为"有"字存在句,因为这种"是"字存在句的强制性足量意义跟"有"字存在句的存在意义冲突。此外,具有主观凸显性特征的"是"字存在句可以替换为"有"字存在句,替换后原有的主观凸显性消失。至于"是"字存在句的"主观凸显性",可以由等同关系和概念转喻来解释。
This paper focuses on the semantic features of the existential sentences with "shi"(是) from the perspective of replacement restriction with the sentences with "you"(有). When only the meaning of "sufficiency" is shown by the construction with "shi", "shi" can be replaced by "you", and the meaning of "sufficiency" disappears. When the meaning of "sufficiency" is provided by syntactic components or encyclopedic knowledge in the sentence with "shi", "shi" cannot be substituted by "you". When the sentence with "shi" expresses subjective prominence, "you" can displace "shi" and the subjective prominence disappears. Equivalence relationship and conceptual metonymy explains why the sentences with "shi" have the meaning of subjective prominence.
引文
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(1)数量词和其他修饰语的顺序问题与本文讨论内容无关,这里不做细分。下同。
(2)这里我们排除“所有”这一全量成分,例如“所有房间里都是红木制成的家具”。本文所指的全量成分,需要使得宾语NP能够充满或遍布处所NPL,而不是指每一个NPL都有宾语NP存在。“所有房间里都是红木制成的家具”表示的是后者的意思,故不在我们所指的“全量成分”里。
(3)需要说明的是,“大量”、“足量”并不是所有“是”字存在句的普遍性语义特征。例如:(i)墙上是一幅中国老寿星的画像。(ii)桌上是一支不太新鲜的红玫瑰。“一幅中国老寿星的画像”、“一支不太新鲜的红玫瑰”,都无法被认为是表示量多,也很难表示量足。这类情况,我们将在3.2小节详细讨论,本小节主要讨论能够表示“大量”特征的“是”字存在句。
(4)“是满满的”出现的存在句替换成“有”字存在句后大多数不自然,CCL语料库中只有一个例外,即“我的储藏库有满满的空气”。另外,例(40)替换成“有”后之所以完全不成立,除了“满满的”的具有足量特征这一因素外,还因为“人潮”本身也含有大量的意义,与“满满的”结合后,更强调了足量特征,即使去掉“满满的”,“*礼堂外是人潮”也很难成立。
[1]本文的语料来自CCL语料库,根据文章需要,对部分例句有所改动。
