摘要
近年来,化石能源的持续使用导致能源短缺和环境污染问题日益突出,因此,人们一直致力于开发新的清洁可再生替代能源.其中,氢气因其燃烧热值高、燃烧产物无污染等优点被认为是最具发展潜力的清洁能源之一.自从1972年日本东京大学Fujishima教授和Honda教授首次发现TiO_2单晶电极光催化分解水可以产生氢气以来,非均相光催化制氢被认为是实现可持续制氢最有潜力的方法之一.然而,由于光催化剂普遍存在缺少活性中心、表面反应速率低、光生载流子快速复合、热力学势垒高等制约因素,因此如何在光催化产氢反应中提高催化剂的量子效率和稳定性仍是目前所面临的一项巨大挑战.将电催化剂(用作助催化剂)负载到不同的半导体表面后,其表现出较高的光催化分解水产氢活性和稳定性.一般来说,采用贵金属(如铂、金和银)作为助催化剂可有效地提高半导体的光催化产氢性能.然而,贵金属成本高、丰度低,大大限制了其广泛应用.在非贵金属中,镍基助催化剂因其成本低、活性高、稳定性好而表现出较好的应用前景.本文主要针对用于光催化制氢反应的镍基助催化剂进行综述.首先,对镍基助催化剂的光催化动力学研究进行了总结,从光捕获、光生载流子的分离、半导体的本体及界面电荷输运、助催化剂捕获载流子及其表面电催化反应等过程进行详细分析,发现协同考虑和优化上述过程是开发高效产氢光催化剂的关键.同时,通过不同方法对催化剂改性并担载合适的镍基助催化剂,从而集成设计光催化剂是一种具有较好应用前景的策略.然后,对镍基电催化剂在催化制氢反应中应用的基本原理进行分析,系统地从组成工程、纳米结构工程、界面工程、表面工程和杂化工程方面综述了电催化剂的设计策略;并对镍基助催化剂的作用进行分析,包括:增加析氢活性中心,降低活化能,提高光催化效率,促进电荷的分离和传输,降低电化学析氢过电位和增强催化析氢动力学等.同时,对镍基助催化剂活性位的原位表征及反应路径相关文献进行了简要总结.通过上述分析得出以下结论:为设计高效的光催化产氢催化剂体系,需要综合考虑并优化镍基助催化剂表面的电催化产氢性能、捕光半导体中的电荷分离/转移及它们之间的界面电荷分离性能.本文着重对基于提高光捕获率(包括设计分级光催化剂、利用表面敏化和开发宽光谱光催化剂)、增强电荷分离(包括设计纳米结构、构建肖特基结、构造II/p-n型异质结和建立直接Z型异质结)、增强半导体/助催化剂的界面相互作用、提高助催化剂的电催化活性(包括增加活性位数量、加强单个活性位本征活性和实现高分散/限阈效应)四种改性策略进行了较详细的讨论和比较,为设计高活性和高稳定性的镍基产氢光催化剂提供了新的设计思路.最后,对镍基产氢助催化剂进行了展望.一方面,进一步开发新型镍基析氢助催化剂和半导体异质结,通过调节和优化助催化剂的半导体/助催化剂界面结构和电导率,从而达到最优光催化效率.同时,应尝试通过工艺简单、易规模化的方法制备更多金属、多功能、超薄二维镍基纳米片、核壳和限制性纳米结构及单原子等催化剂体系,并将其应用于开发高效的光催化制氢催化剂.另一方面,进一步采用多种原位表征技术,如XAS研究、EPR测试和拉曼光谱技术等,精准地分析镍基催化剂上的析氢活性中心,深入分析不同异质结和助催化剂中的电荷载流子转移/分离动力学.同时,通过DFT精确计算反应势垒、氢吸附能和水分子吸附/解离特性等相关信息,进而充分理解电荷载流子动力学和反应途径,明确镍基助催化剂活性中心表面电催化反应机理.希望在不远的将来,根据镍基析氢活性中心的详细结构与性能关系,可以精准地设计、构建高效的镍基析氢活性中心,为高效光催化产氢,并为最终开发新的清洁可再生替代能源提供效的催化技术.
Photocatalysis is believed to be one of the best methods to realize sustainable H_2 production. However, achieving this through heterogeneous photocatalysis still remains a great challenge owing to the absence of active sites, sluggish surface reaction kinetics, insufficient charge separation, and a high thermodynamic barrier. Therefore, cocatalysts are necessary and of great significance in boosting photocatalytic H_2 generation. This review will focus on the promising and appealing low-cost Ni-based H_2-generation cocatalysts as the alternatives for the high-cost and low-abundance noble metal cocatalysts. Special emphasis has been placed on the design principle, modification strategies for further enhancing the activity and stability of Ni-based cocatalysts, and identification of the exact active sites and surface reaction mechanisms. Particularly, four types of modification strategies based on increased light harvesting, enhanced charge separation, strengthened interface interaction, and improved electrocatalytic activity have been thoroughly discussed and compared in detail. This review may open a new avenue for designing highly active and durable Ni-based cocatalysts for photocatalytic H_2 generation.
引文
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