摘要
本研究以耀州窑遗址与西安西大街出土五代末北宋初"白胎"耀州窑天青瓷为主要对象,并与唐、宋、金、元的青瓷标本进行对比分析,为对比研究其特点与揭示历史名瓷-柴窑和五代耀州窑天青瓷的关系建立一定的科学基础。采用XRF、XRD、XPS和SEM/EDS等,研究了化学组成、物相、Fe~(2+)Fe~(3+)的原子比及微观结构对五代天青瓷釉色的影响,并对其呈色机理进行了研究。结果表明,五代耀州窑白胎天青瓷与其其它各代区别很显著,不仅外观釉色偏青、胎色较白,上乘品更是釉面光亮、细腻、润泽无裂纹,半透性高。组成上白胎瓷釉中K_2O含量较高是一大特点,故釉面光泽度和透明度较好。白胎组成中Ti、Zr含量低,Rb含量高,与其它各代区别明显。显微结构分析则表明其釉中分相结构较为复杂,独立分析液滴呈抱团状分布。而胎的显微结构更是与众不同,极少气海,玻璃相与析出晶体均较高,这可能是其透光性好的主要原因。呈色机理分析表明,其釉为复合呈色方式,釉中Fe_2O_3产生的化学着色作用和釉层中物理结构(残余晶体和分相液滴)色对入射光线的散射作用,或加深或淡化了呈色,且对釉面的色饱和度和乳浊度也有一定的影响。测试对比研究发现,西安西大街出土的白胎青瓷与耀州窑遗址出土五代至北宋初白胎青瓷样品为同一类瓷,郑州西大街出土标本亦与其很类似,而蒲津渡样品则为宋代耀窑器的特征。但郑州西大街出土的疑是"柴窑"器与西安西大街出土疑是"柴窑"器,是否为同一窑口烧造,还需要进行一步的深入研究。
In order to research the characteristics and reveal the relationship between Chai kiln and Yaozhou kiln,this work took the Five dynasty sky-green ware of Yaozhou kiln with white body as the major study object and compared with celadon of Tang,Song,Jin and Yuan dynasties.Based on the analysis of XRF,XRD,FT-1R,XPS and SEM,a possible coloring mechanism was proposed to explain the variation of glaze colors with the effect of chemical compositions,phase,ratio of Fe~(2+) and Fe~(3+) and microstructure.The results indicated that the Five dynasty sky-green ware of Yaozhou kiln with white body had obvious differences comparing with other dynasties.Not only the glaze color was blue in the bluish,but also the body cojor was white.Moreover,the better glaze had fine and smooth surface,few crack and high transparency.The chemical compositions analysis indicated that the most obvious characteristic of the sky-green glaze was high content of K_2O,which led to the better gloss and transparency than others.Furthermore,the Ti and Zr contents were low,and the Rb content was high in the white body.The microstructures analysis indicated that the phase separation structures were relatively complex,and the discrete droplets were clump-like distribution in the glaze.Additionally,there were very few bubbles,more glass phase and crystals in the body,which was the reason for good light transmission.The coloring mechanism analysis indicated that the chemical color of Fe_2O_3 was the main coloring factor,and the scattering of phyical structures(residual crystals and phase separation droplets) might deepen or weaken the chemical color in the glaze.The scattering of residual crystals and phase separation droplets also affected the color saturation and opacity of glaze surfaces.In addition,after making a further comparative study,the celadon of white body unearthed in Xi Dajie of Xi'an and Xi Dajie of Zhengzhou had the same characteristics with the shards unearthed in Yaozhou kiln site.However,the shards of Pujingdu had characteristics of Song dynasty celadon of Yaozhou kiln.Besides,whether the shards of grayish white body unearthed in Xi Dajie of Xi'an and Zhengzhou,both are suspected the "Chai ware",still need for further investigated.
引文
[1]陕西省考古研究所.唐代黄堡窑址(上、下册),1992,五代黄堡窑址,1997,宋代耀州窑址,1998.北京,文物出版社.
[2]王芬.耀州窑陶瓷[M],西安,陕西科学技术出版社,2000.
[3]禚振西,柴窑探微,收藏家,2001.(8):2-9
[4]钱治,探寻柴窑之旅,中国文物报,2014.6.4第006版.
[5][明]张应文,清秘藏[M],钦定四库全书子部十,乾隆四十五年三月恭校上.
[6][明]谢肇涮撰,五杂组[M],上海书店出版社,2009
[7]王升虎.谁见柴窑色,雨过天晴时[J],景德镇陶瓷,2010,20(1):1-2
[8]傅振偷,柴窑瓷器与商人作伪[J],紫禁城,1985,31(3):41
[9]高功,探秘柴窑[J],收藏家,2010,(总107):46
[10]王学武主编,千年之谜“柴窑”[M],西安柴窑文化研究所,2011.
[11]陆明华.陕西出土耀州窑青瓷考察记-关于柴窑产地的讨论,中国文物报,2010.8.4,第005版
[12]岳岩王学武,第二届中国柴窑文化高层论坛在京举办[J],文物签定与鉴赏,2012,(12):108-109
[13]顾万发.柴窑“出北地”问题论辩[J],中原文物,2014,(4):86-94
[14]张松林,田培杰.郑州柴窑[M],河南人民出版社,2011.
[15]富华.中国五代·后周柴窑瓷器[M],上海三联出版社,2014.12
[16]张体义.郑州柴瓷研究会成立五代柴窑可能就在郑州附近,http://www.sina.com.cn 2009年11月19日07:20大河网-大河报。
[17]漂泊千年的国宝-珍贵的柴窑瓷器[EB/OL],中国考古网,2012.5.4,http://www.doc88.com/p-891241756513.html
[18]绝迹千年柴窑瓷器成都现真身专家不看好[EB/OL],新浪收藏,http://collection.sina.com.cn/cqty/20150308/0751181309
[19]李国桢,关培英.耀州青瓷的研究.硅酸盐学报,1979,4(7),360-369
[20]Li W.D.,Li J.Z.,Deng Z.Q.,et al.Study on Ru ware glaze of the Northern Song dynasty:One of the earliest crystalline-phase separated glazes in ancient China[J].Ceramics International,2005,31(3):487-494.
[21]江伟辉,廖奇丽.组成对分相-析晶乳浊釉显微结构及表面性质的影响[J].硅酸盐学报,2007,35(2):230-235.
[22]Toru Yamashita,Peter Hayes.Analysis of XPS spectra of Fe~(2+)and Fe~(3+)ions in oxide materiaIs[J].Applied Surface Science,2008,254(8):2441-2449.
[23]Mamdouh Omran,Timo Fabritius,Ahmed M.Elmahdy,et al.XPS and FTIR spectroscopic study on microwave treated high phosphorus iron ore[J].Applied Surface Science,2015,345:127-140.
[24]张超武.玻璃中铁着色的结构分析及配位场理论探讨[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2004,32(6):38-42.
[25]S.Kinoshita,S.Yoshioka.Structural Colors in Nature:The role of regularity and irregularity in the structure[J].ChemPhysChem,2005,6(8):1442-1459.
[26]Fen Wang,Xin Zhang,Ying Lin,Lei Wang,and Jianfeng Zhu.Structural Coloration Pigments based on Carbon ModifiedZnS@SiO_2 Nanospheres with Low-Angle ependence,High Color Saturation,and Enhanced Stability.ACS APPLIED MATERIALS&INTERFACES,2016.8:5009-5016
