摘要
有关体育锻炼干预对青少年认知发展促进作用的研究主要考察了体育锻炼处方、人口学变量与认知功能各个指标测量结果之间的关系,得到了一些有力的证据。首先,从锻炼处方的角度来看,研究表明持续长期的体育锻炼有助于认知功能的发展,同时即使是一次性的体育锻炼,无论是中等强度还是大强度,无论是有氧还是无氧,都对青少年的学业成绩、短时记忆、注意定向、执行功能等认知活动有着积极的作用;其次,从人口学变量角度来看,针对特殊人群的研究发现,体育锻炼可以增加偏瘫青少年承担执行功能的大脑容积从而改善大脑的认知功能,而对于多动症、肥胖的青少年,体育锻炼则可以提高其执行功能的成绩。另外,研究还发现体育锻炼与青少年认知功能之间的关系呈现性别差异,女孩的体育锻炼行为与高智商的关系更为密切,而男孩则没有。但总体来看,该领域研究得到的证据并不一致,尤其是在涉及到一些特定认知活动的指标上(如Stroop测验、连线测验),有研究指出体育锻炼没有作用,甚至有时有氧练习能短暂地破坏执行功能。研究者认为体育锻炼活动与特定性认知活动指标之间之间可能存在着非常复杂的机制。近来研究者开始倾向于通过脑神经机制的变化来进行解释,如脑容量的增加、脑血管流速的增加,以及脑电事件相关电位P300波在认知功能中的作用等等。尽管如此,无论体育锻炼与认知功能有关系还是没有关系,目前对其机制的解释都还缺少有说服力的证据,今后的研究需要进一步关注这样一些问题,如一次体育锻炼对认知功能产生影响的意义到底是什么?从普遍性认知活动到特定性认知活动,哪些指标更能说明体育锻炼在其中所起的作用?
The research on the effects of physical exercise intervention on the cognitive development of adolescents have studied the relationship between various indexes of cognitive function and the physical exercise prescription, demographic variables. Some clear evidences have been gathered to show the positive influence of physical exercises on the cognitive development of Adolescents. Firstly, from the viewpoint of exercise prescription, research results indicate that long term physical exercises can help with the cognitive development. Even a temporary physical exercise, whether medium or high intensity, whether aerobic or anaerobic exercise, has positive influence on the academic performance, short-term memory, attentional orienting, executive function and other cognitive activities. Secondly, from the viewpoint of demographic variables, researches on exceptional children show that physical exercises improve the cognitive function of adolescents with cerebral palsy through increasing the brain volume related to executive function. For the adolescents with obesity problem or minimal brain dysfunction, physical exercises can also improve the executive function. Furthermore, researches find different relationship between physical exercises and cognitive functions for different sexes. The Girl's physical exercise behavior is more closely related to high IQ points, while the boy's is not. However, evidences from this research field do not conform to each, especially on indexes of some specific cognitive activities such as trail making test and negative priming task. Sometimes, aerobic exercises could even temporarily ruin the executive function. Researchers think there are very complicated mechanisms between the physical exercises and indexes of specific cognitive activities. Some of them intend to explain the mechanism by using neuroscience phenomena such as increase of the brain volume, blood flow speed in the brain and P300 wave(ERP). So far, strong evidences on the relationship between physical exercises and cognitive functions do not exist. Future research may need to focus on questions such as how a temporary exercise affect the cognitive function and which indexes, from ordinary and specific cognitive activities, can better describe the influence of physical exercises.
引文
