摘要
本篇论文旨在对海明威的部分短篇小说进行系统研究，指出海明威对于生命和死亡主题的探索更集中体现于他的一些短篇小说之中，而他在短篇小说创作中所使用的艺术手法又突现和加强了这一主题，是研究过程中不容忽视的重要因素。
海明威的艺术成就主要体现在他的长篇小说创作中已是不争的事实，而国内学术界对于海明威的研究也基本围绕于此。相比较之下，对于其短篇小说的研究不仅不够深入且缺乏系统性。本篇论文通过对海明威本人的经历和他的文学作品的细致研究指出，虽然他的短篇小说不像长篇小说那样使他蜚声世界文坛，但在创作过程中与他的个人经历联系更为密切，因而是阐释海明威对生命与死亡的理解的可靠凭据。
在对其短篇小说文本的详细分析过程中，论文作者进一步发现海明威对生命与死亡的探讨和认识大致经历了三个发展阶段：从最初的好奇与茫然阶段，到对生命与死亡现象的迷惘与困惑，最终到达理智和达观的境界。本篇论文将分别对这三个阶段在相应的短篇小说中的反映进行阐释。
论文作者指出海明威第一阶段的探索主要反映在《印地安人营地》和《杀人者》两部短篇小说中。因受父亲冒险精神的影响，海明威在这一阶段充满了对生命的热爱和对死亡的好奇。第二阶段的探索受到了他本人在第一次世界大战中经历的影响，他对于生与死的理解陷于迷惘与困惑阶段，这种思想主要反映在《雨中之猫》、《大双心河》和《白象似的山群》这三部作品中。作者从《乞力马扎罗的雪》、《桥边的老人》和《弗．麦康勃短促的幸福生活》来论述海明威第三阶段探索的主要思想。在探索的最后这一阶段，作者发现海明威对于生与死呈现出超然的态度，他所关心的不再是生命的长短而是生命和死亡的内在意义。至此海明威的探索进入了理智、达观的境界。
的艺术表现手法，如电报式对话、象征、内心独白、简洁的景物描写等，以及
海明威如何运用这种冰山式的写作技巧使所要表现的对生命与死亡的探讨这一
深沉含蓄的思想得到非常生动的表现。
Upon careful reading of his literary works, the author of this present thesis finds that meditation on life and death has been a major theme that Hemingway intends to explore in his literary creation. Further research shows his understanding of life and death has undergone three stages of development, which can be best reflected in his short stories.
Studies upon Ernest Hemingway have been focused largely on his novels, which indeed establish his as one of the greatest masters of literature in the world as well as in America. Up to now studies on his short stories are far from adequate. However, based on a thorough research on his life experience and literary works, the author of the present thesis finds that, though not as famous as the novels, these short stories are closely related to his personal experience and are valuable in their own right to the interpretation of Hemingway's exploration of life and death.
Through a conscientious analysis of his texts, the author of the present thesis discovers that Hemingway's constant exploration and understanding of life and death has undergone three stages of development, which are reflected in several of his short stories. These three stages can be summarized as the stage of curiosity and vagueness; the stage of perplexity and puzzlement; the stage of reason and philosophy. The author argues that these three stages are well illustrated in several of his short stories.
The first stage of understanding is revealed in his "Indian Camp" and "The Killers". Influenced by his father's ardent love for life, Hemingway shows his curiosity for death. At the second stage, Hemingway displays his perplexity and puzzlement on the phenomenon of life and death resulted from his experience in the First World War. Such understanding is fully demonstrated in "Cat in the Rain", "Big Two-Hearted River" and "Hills Like White Elephants". At the last stage of exploration, Hemingway manifests a reasonable and philosophical attitude towards life and death. The Spanish Civil War and World War Two have helped him comprehend the full meaning of life and death. What matters to him is not the length
of life but the dignity. This shift in the standpoint is exposed in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro", "Old Man at the Bridge" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber".
Moreover, the author also discovers that Hemingway's superb artistic skills such as telegraphic dialogue, symbolism, prose style, monologue, and terse description of the settings contribute greatly to the exposition of the theme of life and death in his short stories. Therefore, one chapter of the thesis is to be devoted to the discussion of these artistic skills and how they strengthen and complement the theme that Hemingway wants to explore.
引文
Annette, T. Rubinstein. American Literature Root and Flower. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1998.
Astro, Richard, and Jackson J. Benson, eds. Hemingwy in Our Time. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1974.
Baker, Carlos. Hemingway," The Writer as Artist. Rev.ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
Benson, Jackson J., ed. New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990
Booz, Elizabeth. An Introduction to American Modern Literature. Kunming: Yunnan University Press, 1987.
Donald Pizer. The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Donaldson, Scott. By Force of Will: The Life and Art of Ernest Hemingway. New York: Viking, 1977.
Mellow, James R.. Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.
Reynolds, Michael, ed. Critical Essays on Ernest Hemingway's In Our Time. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1983.
Scott Donaldson. The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
---The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. New York: Charles Scribner's Son, 1987. Beijing: Reprinted by World Publishing Corporation, 1989.
---The Nick Adams Stories. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972.
Virson, James. Great Writers of the English Language Novelists and Prose Writers. London: Macmillian Press Ltd, 1979.
Waldhom, Arthur, ed. Ernest Hemingway: A Collection of Criticism. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973.
Young, Philip, and Charles W. Mann. The Hemingway Manuscripts: An Inventory. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1969
常耀信著：《美国文学简史》。天津：南开大学出版社，2002年。
陈际春：“征服与反征服——《弗．麦康勃短促的幸福生活》分析”，《上海师范大学学报》哲社版，1985(4)：47-50。
崔道怡等编：《冰山理论：对话与潜对话》(上册)。工人出版社。
董衡巽：“海明威的经验”，《译林》1999(4)：193-196。
姜岳斌：“死亡意识与行动精神——海明威的哲学思想”，《外国文学研究》1991(4)：105-108。
立业：“海明威短篇小说思想艺术浅论”，《江苏教育学院学报》社科版(武汉)，1988(2)：76-83。
刘海平等主编：《新编美国文学史》第三卷。上海：上海教育出版社，2002年。
马元照：“试论海明威”，《宁夏教育学院学报》(银川)，1985(4)：52-59。
毛华奋，王建华：“略论海明威塑造尼克．亚当斯形象的系列小说”，《台州师范学报》社科版，1987(2)：40—45。
穆睿清等编选：《外国文学参考资料》(下册)。北京：地质出版社，1984年。
饶道庆：“逃避和不可逃避的——海明威小说创作综论”，《温州师范学院学报》
哲社版，1992(2)：47-53。
《世界文学名著》(第四集)。南昌：江西人民出版社，1982年。
王丽丽：“近年来海明威研究的新趋向”，《社会科学动态》(武汉)，1993(2)：18-20。
魏威，吕明：“试谈《乞力马扎罗的雪》中关于死亡的象征意义”，《文艺理论研究》1983(1)：83-86。
王宁：“试论海明威小说创作”， 《南京师院学报》1981(4)：55-60。
翁长浩：“杀人者析”，《衡阳师范学报》(增刊，外国文学专刊)，第六期：60-65。
吴定柏编注：《美国文学欣赏》。上海：上海教育出版社，2002年。
熊钧选编：《海明威作品精粹》。 石家庄：河北教育出版社，1994年。
杨宁宁编：《大学英语美国文选》。上海：上海交大出版社，2002年。
袁贤铨：“简论海明威的冰山风格”，《宁波大学学报》人文科学版，1996(1)：43-48。
张合珍：“海明威与自然主义”，《吉林师范学院学报》哲社版，1988(2)：85-90。
张国申：“死亡与升华—析海明威小说悲剧思想”，《外国文学》2003(2)：70-74。
张敏：“冰点的热度——海明威对“迷惘的一代”的艺术超越”，《写作欣赏》(太原)，1995(3)：93—98。
