摘要
“合作居住”(Cohousing)社区是20世纪60年代最早出现在丹麦的一种新型居住模式,经过不断发展演变,逐步从北欧,传播至北美及环太平洋地区,正产生着越来越广泛的世界影响。居民致力于作为社区集体生活,设计兼顾公共与私密性平衡。其主要特征包括:居民参与设计过程、社区规划鼓励居民互动、“公共用房(common house)”为多样的居民活动提供场所、以及强调居民自我管理、无等级社区管理结构和独立的收入来源等。这一概念复兴了传统村庄的许多优势,是一种创造邻里之间“社区感”的创新策略,同时,低影响(low-impact)策略也是“合作居住”社区的核心理念。
本文将是国内针对“合作居住”概念的第一次全面性、系统性引入。文章以理论与实践相结合方法、总分的脉络层次进行章节布置。主要内容包括:(1)总体研究:归纳总结“合作居住”研究现状,理清基本概念和研究基础,根据其北欧地区-北美地区-环太平洋地区的传播路径,划分为三个阶段,并总结出各阶段的产生背景、特点、重要历史事件,并在此基础上总结出“合作居住”的一般性特征。(2)实例研究:通过Windsong社区实例,剖析“合作居住”的构成要素。(3)专项研究:在开发模式方面,提炼出4种主要开发模式,归纳开发主要流程,对开发中居民参与、共识决策、与咨询机构的互动、顾问或建筑师的职责方面做详尽分析;在规划设计方面,根据住宅单元面积、公共设施数量、社区布局的形态特征以及社区规模的变化,将其设计规划模式发展划分为四个主要阶段,总结各阶段形态学特点,并在此基础上总结出目前“合作居住”的主要规划设计要点;在社区生活方面,分析“合作居住”居民人口组成特征、归纳和总结合作生活中需要制定的协商性文件、冲突的种类以及解决方法;在可持续性方面,本文最先将“合作居住”的低影响策略从物理层面和生活层面进行归纳和分析,并使用社区心理学中的“赋权”概念,提出“合作居住”的赋权模型揭示各可持续特征之间的关联关系。(4)实践及结论:对我国目前出现的“乐和”社区、理念社区现象及实例进行分析对比,总结出这类社区目前发展的现状、误区及与“合作居住”的差距,并在此基础上,以学生设计竞赛的方式,对于适应我国现阶段现状的“合作居住”社区进行初步性设计尝试,总结设计体验。最后,从客观角度对“合作居住”的优势和劣势做出评述,针对这些成功与失败之处,提出我国社区建设的建议。
Cohousing is a new living model first appeared in Denmark in 1960s. With the continuous development and evolution, it has been spreaded from northern Europe to North America and the Pacific Rim, and producing more and more widespread impact on the world. Residents commit to live collectively as a community. Community design takes into account the balance between the public and privacy. Its main characteristics include: Participatory process, Intentional Neighborhood Design, Extensive Common Facilities, Complete Resident Management, Non-Hierarchal Structure, Separate Income Sources, etc. This concept revives many advantages of traditional village, and becomes an innovation strategy creating“Sense of community”between neighborhoods; meanwhile, low-impact strategy is also the main concept of cohousing.
This PhD thesis is the first comprehensive, systematic introduction of the cohousing conception in China. The article combines Theory and Practice methods and the chapters are arranged from General description to Special research. The main contents include: (1) Overall research: Summarize the current research on cohousing, and clarify the basic concepts and research foundation; divide the development process into three stages according to the propagation path“Nordic region-North America-Pacific rim”; and summarize background, characteristics, important historical events in each part. Then on this basis, concludes the main characteristics of cohousing (2) Case study: take the Windsong community as an example, analyzing the elements of“cohousing”. (3) Special Research: In the chapter of development model, extract 4 major development models, summarize primary process, and analysis residents participation, consensus decision-making, interaction with the consultancy and duties of consultant(or architect) in detail. In the chapter of planning design, according to area of private unit, number of public facilities, layout form of community and changing in community scale, divide the planning design into four main stages and summarize the morphological features of each stage and the main point of planning design. In the chapter of community living, analyze the demographic characteristics of residents, and summarize the agreements document, types of conflict and solution; In the chapter of sustainability, this paper firstly analyze and summarize the low-impact strategy in“cohousing”from physical and living level and using“empowerment”concept in community psychology, propose the cohousing empowerment model to reveal the relationship between sustainable features. (4) Practice and Conclusion: Given the“LOWH”and intentional community currently emerged in our country, analysis the examples, summarize their situation, mistakes and gap with“cohousing”; meanwhile, we preliminarily attempt to design a“cohousing”community to adapt to our situation at this stage through a student design competition. In the end, comments the advantages and disadvantages of cohousing from an objective point of view, put forward the proposal of our community construction based on the success and failure experiences of cohousing.
引文
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