摘要
历史语言学是语言学的一个重要分支。最初的历史语言学是比较语言学,中文习称为历史比较语言学。它对语言进行纵向的历史的研究,从历史发展上研究一种语言结构的变化及其规律性。从历史演变上对语言结构的不同要素进行研究,可以分出“历史语音学”、“历史词汇学”、“历史语法学”等部门。历史语音学研究语音变化;历史语法学研究形态和句法的变化;历史语义学则研究词项意义的变化。
弗朗西斯?培根(1561—1626)是英国文艺复兴时期著名的哲学家,政治活动家,亦被奉为英国随笔的开山鼻祖,其作品《论说文集》是其主要著作,为他赢得了不朽的文学声誉。该书耗时近三十年,乃作者呕心沥血之作,内容涉及哲学思想,伦理问题及处世方法等,还对诸多问题提出具体建议,还包括对人类自然的欣赏。对于每个问题,培根的阐述都有独到之处,且文笔优美,警句迭出,这种简约凝练的写作风格甚至影响到后来文人学者的写作规范。迄今为止,该书被译为世界各国文字,备受推崇,堪称世界性划时代的著作。有很多关于莎士比亚语言的不同文章,其中研究涉及形象语言的规律,莎剧中的双关语,语言的排比和对照,戏剧中的非规范用语,莎剧中的成语及其贡献等等。在阅读的基础上本文从历时的角度对培根的《论说文集》与现代英语中语言现象进行系统的研究,并对此书的语言特点和现代英语语言进行比较,经过一系列的比较分析,得出如下结论:400多年前的早期现代英语与现代英语有许多相异之处,尤其在词汇和语法方面,前者主要体现词的拼写,意义存在的差异,后者则是通过主谓一致、时态结构、虚拟语气、多重否定、关系从句以及标点使用来分别阐述其差别。
The purpose to create language is to make expression. The exchange of feelings can promote interpersonal communication, dissemination of human civilization and progress and scientific creativity and invention. Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is a subject to make a research of language changes, which is an important branch of linguistics. The language history of research, from the historical development of a language to study changes in the structure and its regularity. From the historical evolution of language structure on the different elements of research, you can separate the“Historical Phonetics”,“Historical Lexicology”,“Historical Grammar”and other parts. Historical Phonetics research into voice changes, historical grammar study changes in morphology and syntax, historical study of semantics is the meaning of the word changes. It is traditionally linked comparative linguistics, which studies the genetic relationship between languages, aims to find out their common mother tongue. Historical linguistics synchronic linguistics also can be named diachronic linguistics.
Francis Bacon, a distinguished philosopher and statements in Britain during the Renaissance, is regarded as the inaugurator of British essays, whose work, The Essays, has not only become his main representative of literature creation, but also won him enduring literary fame. The book cost him nearly thirty years, including aspects like ethnics, philosophical ideas, strategies of being officials, methods of conducting oneself, advices of particular issues and appreciation of nature. Francis Bacon represented his unique opinions in elegant and terse language, whose clear and concise style has been influencing the writing mode of the descendants. So far, the book has been reprinted many times and translated into many languages, honored worldwide as epoch-making classic.
The thesis attempts to make a systematic research on the language change of The Essays from diachronic view and tell apart the difference between the book and the language of the modern English. Based on a series of analysis, a conclusion has been drawn that there are some differences and similarities during the development and change of language, as a result, the understanding of the language change in the book can be recognized.
引文
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