摘要
目的：中草药饲料添加剂是一种新型绿色饲料添加剂。众所周知，热应激对奶牛有极大的负面影响包括产奶量下降、繁殖性能降低、疾病发生率提高等等。有关中草药饲料添加剂的试验表明，中草药饲料添加剂对奶牛产奶量有较好的提高作用。本研究对抗热应激中草药饲料添加剂对奶牛泌乳性能的影响及机理进行探讨。
方法：试验于7月-8月进行，以中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验对象，选用对比饲养试验(试验组每头每天添加280克于精料中)和实验室测定相结合的研究方法。测定试验期间奶牛的产奶量，于试验前、后采集血样和乳样，以放射免疫法测定外周血清中皮质醇、甲状腺素(T_4)、三碘甲腺原氨酸(T_3)分泌的水平，用全自动生化分析仪测定血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、肌酸激酶(CK)、葡萄糖(ALU)和无机元素(钾(K)、氯(Cl)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、钠(Na)的量，用乳品成分分析仪和原子吸收分光光度计分别测定乳常规成分和乳汁中的矿物质元素钾(K)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、钠(Na)、镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、铁(Te)，观察中草药饲料添加剂对这些指标的影响。数据用Microsoft Excel和SPSS统计软件进行分析处理。
结果：1 试验组比对照组平均每头牛每日多产奶1.08Kg，提高8.81％。
2 与试验前相比，试验组的乳常规成分明显提高，其中乳蛋白、总脂乳固体差异极显著(P＜0.01)，非脂乳固体差异显著(P＜0.05)；试验后，试验组的乳脂率和乳蛋白比对照组分别提高6.32％和16.61％，差异不显著。抗热应激中草药饲料添加剂对奶牛乳汁中矿物元素的含量有较大的影响。试验后：试验组除K元素降低8.98％外，其它元素都比试验前明显提高，Zn提高35.99％，差异显著；而对照组的Cu和Fe分别比试验前降低13.56％和16.19％，其它元素变化较小；试验组与对照组相比，Na、Zn、P、Ca、Fe均有不同程度提高，K和Cu有所降低，Mg变化不明显。
3 试验前，试验组的皮质醇和T_4低于对照组，ALT和CK高于对照组；试验后，试验组的皮质醇、T_4、T_3分别比对照组提高24.71％、3.25％和27.78％，ALT、AST、CK、ALP分别降低7.10％、2.22％、6.57％、34.23％；试验组试验前后相比，各指标都有明显的变化：皮质醇的含量极显著提高(P＜0.01)，
福建农林大学硕士学位论文20034
几、T4分别提高25.78%、30.84%，除ALP活性提高外，ALT、AST(P<0.05)
和CK活性均降低;随热应激时间延长，对照组血清皮质醇的含量降低，血清
酶ALP、ALT的活性亦提高，但ALP比试验组多提高了12.21%，其它指标虽
都有变化但幅度不如试验组大;对照组的血糖、Ca、P、Na均呈下降，其中
Na差异显著;使用添加剂后，试验组的血糖、Ca、P、Na都呈不同程度的提
高，尤以血糖和P为突出，其中Ca由试验前比对照组低6.67%变化为试验后
比对照组高2.15%。
前景及存在的问题:本试验结果及其他学者的研究均表明:中草药饲料添加
剂具有抗奶牛热应激的作用。再加上中草药饲料添加剂所具有的独特优势，随
着科技进步和饲料工业的发展，在当今世界“回归自然”声浪日高的情况下，
抗奶牛热应激中草药饲料添加剂具有广阔的应用前景。但，目前对它的系统研
究、应用还处于起步阶段，仍存在问题需要解决:(1)剂型不够合理(2)处
方有待于改进(3)安全问题急待探讨(4)作用机理尚未完全弄清。
虽然中草药添加剂的研究与应用还存在种种难题，但我们相信，随着科学
技术的进一步发展，具有我国特色的、符合时代潮流的天然药物中草药饲料添
加剂，由于它本身的科学内涵和优势而独树一帜，必将为促进现代畜牧业生产
发展做出巨大的贡献。
OBJECTIVE: Chinese Herbal Feed Additive is a new feed additive which is good for health. As we know, Heat stress does serious harm to dairy cows such as decreasing milk yield and reproduction, increasing the incidence of disease etc. Studies of Chinese Herbal Feed Additive showed this feed additive can increase milk yield of dairy cows. The following experiments were carried out in order to clarify the mechanism of Chinese Herbal Feed Additive's function of alleviating heat stress and to clarify its effect on dairy cows.
METHOD: The experiments were conducted with Chinese Holstein cows during the hot months (July-August). Cows in trial group were fed rations supplemented with Chinese Herbal Feed additive at 280g/day per cow , and the control group were fed rations without additive. During the experiment, milk yield of cows in trial and control group was checked. Samples of serums and milk of cows were collected in both trial and control group before and after the experiment respectively. The endocrine levels of cortisol, T4, T3 in peripheral serum were tested by radio immunoassay; the activity of ALT, AST, ALP and CK and the level of K, Na, Cl, Ca, P in serum were tested by automatic biochemical assay; and by using milkoscan and Atomic absorption spectrometry, the level of Fat, Protein, Lactose, TS, SNF in milk and K, Na, Ca, P, Zn, Fe, Mg, Cu in milky juice were tested. All the data was analyzed by Microsoft Excel and SPSS.
RESULTS: IThe milk yield of the trial group is l.OSKg /day per cow higher than the control's increased by 8.81% .
2 The level of Protein, TS and SNF of milk, in the trial group after the experiment increased remarkably with a significant difference (P<0.01and P<0.05) respectively compared to those in the trial group before the experiment; Milk fat and milk protein in the trial group increased by 6.32% and 16.61% respectively compared to the control group after experiment. This Thermoresistant Stress Alleviating of
Chinese Herbal Feed Additive affected the level of mineral composition of milk: After experiment, for the trial group, the level of K decreased by 8.98%, another mineral composition increased greatly, thereinto, Zn increased by 35.99% with a significant difference (P<0.05); However, the level of Cu and Fe in the control group after experiment decreased by 13.56% and 16.19% respectively, others changed little; Compared to the control group, Na, Zn, P, Ca, Fe in the trial group all increased by different degree after experiment, K and Cu decreased, and Mg changed not clearly.
3 Before the experiment, the levels of cortisol and T4 in the trial group were lower than those of the control group, and the levels of ALT and CK were exactly reversed; After the experiment , the levels of cortisoK T4 , TS in the trial group increased by 24.71%, 3.25% , 27.78% respectively, and the level of ALT, AST, CK, ALP decreased by 7.10%, 2.22%, 6.57%, 34.23% respectively compared to the control group. For the trial group, the level of cortisol increased significantly (P<0.01), T3, T4 also increased by 25.78%, 30.84% respectively, the activity of ALT, AST (P<0.05) and CK decreased, and ALP increased after the experiment; However, with the development of heat stress, for the control group, the level of cortisol decreased, the activity of ALP, ALT increased, and the level of GLU, Ca, P, Na(P<0.05) all decreased; After being supplemented with this feed additive, GLU, P, Na in the trial group increased by different degree, and Ca changed from 6.67%lower than that of the control group before the experiment to 2.15% higher than that of the control after the experiment.
Present Situation and Prospects of Thermoresistant Stress Alleviating of Chinese Herbal Feed Additive to Dairy Cows:
Results of this trial and other scholars' show this Chinese Herbal Feed Additive can alleviate heat Stress. Besides that, Chinese Herbal Feed Additive has its own particular advantage. With the development of science technology and feed industry, in the condition of more and more people claiming to go back to nature,
引文
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