摘要
信阳地区位于河南省南部,地处鄂豫皖三省交界处。关于信阳地区方言,前人陆续有过调查和研究,但多局限于单点方言,公开发表的文章也很少,远远不能揭示信阳地区语音的全貌,以致对它的方言归属还存在分歧。
本文实地调查了15个方言点,比较全面地揭示了信阳地区方言语音的面貌,同时通过共时、历时的比较与分析,讨论了信阳地区方言的归属问题。此外,本文尝试使用现代语言学的理论和方法来解释某些语音现象,力图发现一些新的问题。
信阳地区方言存在着较大的内部差异。根据本文的观察,大致可分为西部、中部、东部和北部4个方言片。从历史上看,西部方言片、中部方言片、东部方言片在以前比较一致,现在不同是由于后来演化速度的快慢所造成的,北部方言片现在与其他方言片不同是因为历史上它们原本就不同。
信阳地区只有南部的卡房等少数乡镇存在入声,声调6个,其中入声自成一类,去分阴阳,其他地方都没有入声,声调4个。信阳地区各方言点的声母一般都在20个左右,韵母40个左右,文白异读现象少,连读变调贫乏,儿化现象不突出,比较接近武汉话,属于简单型的语音结构系统。
声母方面主要讨论了讨论了晓、非组的分混情况；泥、来母的分混情况；精知庄章组的分混情况和影、疑母的今读情况。
信阳地区的晓、非组可分为不混型与相混型。相混型又可分为f类与x类。f类以信阳市为代表,x类以潢川县为代表。f类的特点是晓组变向非组,只是程度不同。其中信阳市最重,所有晓组合口一二等字都混读为非组,新县沙窝镇与光山白雀园镇的程度最轻,只涉及到今读u韵母字。x类的特点是所有非组字都混读为晓组字,因此这一类方言中没有f声母。晓、非组相混为f类跟合口介音u有关,晓、非组相混为x类跟合口介音u无关。
精知庄章的分混可分为3类：(1)精知庄章合流为ts组；(2)精知二庄合流为ts组,知三章合流为ts组；(3)止开三章组字与精知二庄组字合流为ts组,其他章组字与知三合流为ts组。从止开三知庄章组的读音形式来看,第(2)类属于南京型,第(3)类属于昌徐型。
影、疑母在今读齐齿呼、合口呼、撮口呼前比较一致,基本上都读为零声母,只在今读开口呼前略有差异：有的方言点读η声母,有的方言点读Y声母。从表面上看,信阳地区影、疑母的演变跟北方方言一样都合流了,但从深层次看,疑母开口字以前一直都读η声母,跟影母字并没有合流,只是近来因普通话的影响才跟影母字合流。
韵母方面主要讨论了曾梗摄舒声与深臻摄舒声的分混；宕江摄知系阳声韵字的今读及演变；德陌麦韵的今读;ч类韵母及其来源；古合口字的今读。
曾梗摄舒声与深臻摄舒声可分为不混型与相混型。相混型又可分为2类：(1)曾梗摄与深臻摄混为前鼻音-n；(2)曾梗摄与深臻摄混为后鼻音-η类。不混型与相混型(1)类的出现都跟历史原因有关,相混型(2)类的出现则跟洪武年间的山西移民有关。
德陌麦韵字方面主要讨论了这些字的今读情况以及跟其他字的分混情况。同时还对固始、商城等地的见系字读细音现象进行了分析,认为这种细音的出现是属于(?)类韵母的裂化。此外,我们根据德陌麦韵的今读情况认为信阳地区早期的德陌麦韵无-i韵尾,跟江淮官话一样,少数地方的个别字读-i尾是由于郑州等权威方言影响的结果。
ч类韵只出现在信阳市浉河区、光山、新县等地,它主要包含ч、чan、чen、чe四个韵母,其来源是y音的高顶出位。
信阳地区的古合口端、知系字的读音比较歧异：信阳市浉河区、罗山、光山、新县多读开口呼；固始、潢川只有部分字读合口呼；信阳市平桥区、息县多读合口呼。这些字在中古都有合口介音,现在浉河区、罗山、固始等地多读开口呼,合口介音消失。合口介音消失的顺序跟声母的舌体位置及韵母的主要元音都有关系。
声调方面主要讨论了古入声字在信阳地区的今读调类及固始、商城的阴平、阳平两读问题。
古入声字在信阳地区的今读调类差异较大：新县沙窝多归阴平;商城吴河多归阳平;信阳市浉河区、信阳市平桥区、罗山、潢川、息县、淮滨的古全浊入声字多归阳平,清、次浊入声字多归阴平；光山的清、次浊入声字多归阴平,全浊入声字一半归阴平,一半归阳平；固始、商城城关的古全浊入声字归阳平,清、次浊入声字约一半归阴平,一半归阳平。
固始、商城的阴、阳平两读现象只表现在古清、次浊入声字中,全浊字中没有。这是一种离散式音变,是中原官话的影响所致。
在讨论信阳地区方言归属时,我们在依据古入声字今读调类的基础上,还充分考虑声母和韵母的语音性质,同时结合信阳地区的历史、地理、移民、经济文化水平等因素进行论证。通过讨论,我们认为信阳地区是一个方言混合带,不能都划归为中原官话。信阳市浉河区、信阳市平桥区、罗山、潢川、息县、淮滨属于中原官话,光山、新县属于江淮官话,固始、商城属于西南官话。
Xinyang region is located south of Henan Province, is located at the junction of Hubei Province, Henan Province and Anhui Province. About Xinyang regional dialect has ever been investigated and studied, but the investigation always was confined to the dialect of one Place, published articles rarely far from revealing the whole features of Xinyang regional dialect, resulting in what it should belong to is being debated.
The paper investigates 15 locations, and reveals comprehensively the phonetic features of Xinyang regional dialect, then on this basis to discuss the synchronic and diachronic phonetic features of 15 locations, discuss the classification. The same time, the paper try to use the theories and methods of modern linguistics to explain some phonetic phenomena, trying to find some new problems.
Xinyang regional dialect has internal differences, and can be divided into the western, central, eastern and the northern dialect subgroup. Historically, the western dialect subgroup, the central dialect subgroup and the eastern dialect subgroup more consistent in the past, and now the difference is due to the speed of evolution, the northern dialect is different from the others subgroups because it was different from the others before.
Only Kafang Town and a few other towns in the south of Xinyang region has entering, six tones, and entering is a tones alone, departing is divided into upper departing tone and lower departing tone, other places don't have entering, four tones. Every location of Xinyang region has 20 initials or so, 40 finals or so, colloquial-literary strata not rich, containing tone sandhi less, r-suffixation phenomenon is not prominent, relatively close to Wuhan dialect, belongs to a simple phonetic structural system.
In the respect of initials, the paper discusses mainly the similarities and differences between Xiao-set(晓组)and Fei-set(非组)；the similarities and differences between Ni-initial and Lai-initial; the similarities and differences of Jing-set(精组),Zhi-set(知组),Zhuang-set(庄组)and Zhang-set(章组)；the present pronunciation of Ying-initial and Yi-initial.
Xiao-set and Fei-set can be divided into two types of difference and similarity. The type of similarity can be divided into f-type and x-type, Xinyang City represents f-type, and Huangchuan County represents x-type. The feature of f-type is Xiao-set read Fei-set, only the degree is different, and Xinyang City is most serious, all grade one and grade two Hekou of Xiao-set characters read Fei-set characters, the degree of Shawo Town of Xin County and Baiqueyuan Town of Guangshan County is most minimum, and only the present u final read Fei-set characters. The feature of x-type is all Fei-set characters read Xiao-set characters, so the type of locations has not f initial. Xiao-set and Fei-set evolves the f-type is relate to the medial-u, and Xiao-set and Fei-set evolves the x-type is not relate to the medial-u.
The similarities and differences of Jing-set, Zhi-set, Zhuang-set and Zhang-set can be divided into three types:(1)Jing-set, Zhi-set, Zhuang-set and Zhang-set merger [ts]-set; (2)Jing-set, Zhuang-set and Zhi-Er merger [ts]-set, Zhi-San and Zhang-set merger [ts]-set; (3)Zhang-set characters of Zhi-Kai-San and Jing-set, Zhi-Er and Zhuang-set merger [ts]-set, Zhi-San and else Zhang-set characters merger [ts] set. If through the pronunciation of Zhi-set, Zhuang-set and Zhang-set of Zhi-Kai-San, we can find (2) is the type of Nanjing, and (3) is the type of Changxu
Ying-initial and Yi-initial are Zero-initial before even teeth, close mouth, pursed mouth, only this time slightly different before open mouth finals, and some locations are (?)-initial, some locations are y-initial. On the surface, the Ying-initial and Yi-initial in Xinyang regional dialect merger as same as the northern dialect, but a deeper look, the open mouth of Yi-initial have been read (?)-initial, and does not merger with Ying-initial, but Recently, Yi-initial is identical to Ying-initial because the impact of Mandarin Chinese.
In the respect of finals, the paper mainly discusses the similarities and differences between Zeng-set(曾摄),Geng-set(梗摄)and Shen-set(深摄),Zhen-set(臻摄)；the present pronunciation of Dang-set(宕摄),Jiang-set(江摄)and evolution; the present pronunciation of De rhyme(德韵),Mo rhyme(陌韵)and Mai rhyme(麦韵)；(?)-type finals and theirs source; the present pronunciation of ancient Hekou characters(古合口字).
Zeng-set, Geng-set and Shen-set, Zhen-set can be divided into two types of difference and similarity. And the type of similarity can be divided into two types:(1)Zeng-set, Geng-set and Shen-set, Zhen-set read pre-nasal ending-n; (2)Zeng-set, Geng-set and Shen-set, Zhen-set read post-nasal ending-(?). The type of difference and the type (1) of similarity are related to historical reasons, and the type (2) of similarity is related to Shanxi immigrants in the reign of emperor of Zhuyuanzhang.
In the respect of De rhyme, Mo rhyme and Mai rhyme, the paper discuses the present pronunciation of them and they are identical to other characters. At the same time also discusses the high front vowel phenomena of Jian-group characters(见系字)in Gushi County and Shangcheng County, and think it is the diphthongization of the type a final. And the same time, the paper accords to the present pronunciation of De rhyme, Mo rhyme and Mai rhyme, and think these rhymes did not have-i ending before, as the same as Jianghuai Mandarin, the individual words of a few places has-i ending because the result of the impact of Zhengzhou and other authority dialects.
Only Shihe District, Guangshan County and Xin County in Xinyang region have (?)-type finals, (?)-type finals mainly consist (?), (?)an,-qen, (?)e finals, and its source is the sound changes of high vowel y.
The ancient Hekou characters of Duan-group(端系)and Zhi-group(知系)in Xinyang region are very different:Shihe District, Luoshan County, Guangshan County and Xin County read mostly open mouth; Gushi County and Huangchuan County only some of the characters read close mouth; Pingqiao District and Xi County read more close mouth. These characters have the medial-u in middle Chinese, now Shihe District, Luoshan County and Gushi County read open mouth, the medial-u losses. The order of it disappearance is related to between the tongue position of the initials and the nuclear vowel of finals.
In the respect of tones, the paper discusses the present toneme of the ancient entering in Xinyang region and the two reading of voiceless, semi-muddy entering tone characters in Gushi County and Shangcheng County.
The present toneme of ancient entering tone characters in Xinyang region is quite different: the Shawo Town of Xin County read mostly upper even tone; Wuhe Town of Shangcheng County read mostly lower even tone, the muddy entering tone characters in Shihe District, Pingqiao District, Luoshan County, Huangchuan County, Xi County and Huaibin County read lower even tone; the voiceless and semi-muddy entering tone characters read upper even tone; the voiceless and semi-muddy entering tone characters in Guangshan read mostly upper even tone, the half of muddy entering tone characters read upper even tone and half read lower even tone; the muddy entering tone characters in Gushi County and Shangcheng County read lower even tone, and the half of voiceless and semi-muddy entering tone characters read upper even tone, and half read lower even tone.
Only the entering tone characters of voiceless initials and semi-muddy initials in Gushi County and Shangcheng County have two reading phenomenon, and muddy entering characters don't have. The paper passes a synchronic comparison and thinks it is a discrete phonetic change.
The paper discusses the classification of Xinyang regional dialect not only on the base of the present toneme of ancient entering tone characters, but also considers the features of initials and finals, and the same regards the history, geography, immigration, economic and cultural level factors. Through discussion, the paper think Xinyang regional dialect is a dialect mixing zone, can not all be classified Zhongyuan Mandarin. Shihe District, Pingqiao District, Luoshan County, Huangchuan County, Xi County, Huaibin County belongs to Zhongyuan Mandarin, Guangshan County, Xin County belongs to Jianghuai Mandarin, Gushi County, Shangcheng County belongs to the southwest Mandarin.
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