摘要
国防和工业应用的需要推动脉冲功率技术向高平均功率和紧凑化的方向发展。紧凑重频Tesla变压器型脉冲发生器是该方向发展的重要内容之一,在国内外受到了广泛关注。本文通过对紧凑Tesla变压器、吹气式火花隙开关和初级能源三个关键子系统进行理论分析、工程设计和实验研究,完整地提出了该类型脉冲发生器设计的方法和步骤,并研制出一台紧凑重频GW级脉冲发生器。本文的研究成果为紧凑重频脉冲发生器的应用研究奠定了坚实的基础,对于紧凑重频脉冲发生器的研制具有重要的指导意义。
论文的研究内容主要包括以下几个方面:
1.提出了紧凑重频Tesla变压器设计的完整的方法和步骤。
对Tesla变压器的三种解析理论进行分析,结果发现大耦合系数近似理论最为适合设计使用。运用此近似理论,系统提出了紧凑重频Tesla变压器的设计方法和流程图,根据输出需求设计出内嵌于同轴脉冲形成线(pulse forming line, PFL)的紧凑Tesla变压器,耦合系数达0.9。运用电磁场理论和电网络模型对次级线圈电压分布进行了分析,结果表明,锥形次级线圈电压随线圈所在处的半径近似成线性分布,此分布与同轴PFL内电压分布基本一致。
对研制出的Tesla变压器进行了测试,结果表明实测值与设计值吻合。Tesla变压器对PFL的充电实验表明,在单脉冲和重频50 pps两种情形下,PFL峰值充电电压分别为380 kV和300 kV。特别地,对PFL充电极限进行了探讨,发现PFL在偶发单次击穿后可恢复,出现的PFL偶发脉冲击穿现象不影响后续脉冲的运行。
另外,对油介质同轴PFL加压耐击穿效应进行了实验研究,油介质PFL击穿场强随着油静压近似以1/8次幂的关系而增加,加压提高液体介质耐击穿能力的重要原因是抑制气泡的形成。
2.对施加气压和风速提高火花隙开关重频运行性能进行了系统的实验研究。运用设计的火花隙开关,在加压条件下对火花隙开关重频运行性能进行实验研究,得到结论如下:在2.0 MPa的气压范围内,脉冲数目增加时,击穿电压及其不稳定度(RMS)减小,在脉冲数达到50个以上时趋于稳定;重复频率增加时,不稳定度增加。特别地,当重复频率小于50 pps时,不稳定度小于5%,不需要吹气,从而减轻了系统的体积和重量;当重复频率大于100 pps时,不稳定度超过10%,需要吹气来提高重频运行性能。
对吹气提高火花隙开关重频运行性能进行了实验研究,得到结论如下:火花隙开关重频运行存在最佳吹气速度,且最佳吹气速度与重复频率之间满足线性关系,其关系可由实验确定;在优化吹气速度条件下,当气压处于0.7~1.5 MPa范围时,火花隙开关击穿电压的不稳定度小于3%;在2.0 MPa的压强范围内,该火花隙开关可稳定工作至重复频率300 pps、击穿电压400 kV。
3.对初级能源重频运行的电压稳定性进行了系统的理论分析并经实验证实。
在重频运行模式下,推导了相邻脉冲间初级电容上初始电压的递推关系,得到了稳定运行状态下初级电容上初始电压满足的方程,给出了由非稳定状态向稳定状态过渡时间的计算方法,讨论了充电晶闸管导通时间不依赖于火花隙主开关击穿电压的条件。根据以上理论,研制出可1000 pps稳定运行的初级能源,实验结果得到:在选择适当充电晶闸管导通时间的条件下,脉冲发生器可以重频稳定运行,且可以从第一个脉冲开始就可达到稳定状态。
4.研制出紧凑重频脉冲发生器。
将三个子系统联合,研制出了直径0.2 m、长度1.0 m、重量90 kg的紧凑重频脉冲发生器。在100Ω负载下进行了实验研究,结果表明:该脉冲发生器单脉冲运行最高输出电压为330 kV,同时脉宽(FWHM)7 ns、上升沿2 ns;在重复频率40 pps和100 pps下连续运行300个脉冲,输出电压分别为310 kV和300 kV,不稳定度分别为5%和10%,以上均未采取风机吹气系统。该脉冲发生器峰值功率约1 GW,平均功率0.7 kW,平均功率密度22 kW/m3。此种类型和性能的发生器在国内尚未见报道。
Defense and industrial applications have stimulated intense interest in pulsed power technology towards high average power and compact structure. A repetitive pulsed power generator with a compact Tesla transformer, as an important pulsed power source, has attracted extensive attention nowadays. In this dissertation, a repetitive gigawatt pulse generator is developed based on the theoretical analyses, engineering designs and experimental investigations of the three key subsystems, a compact Tesla transformer, a spark gap with a gas blowing system and a primary energy source. These efforts set a good foundation for the development of a compact rep-rate pulse generator and show a promising application for the future. The detailed contents and innovative work include the followings.
1. A systematic method and workflow to design a compact, repetitive Tesla transformer is presented.
Three theories of the Tesla transformer are analyzed, indicating that high-couple-coefficient approximation theory is suitable for design. Based on the approximation, the effective method and workflow is presented to design parameters of electrical and geometrical for the compact Tesla transformer from output requirement. The designed Tesla transformer has a couple coefficient of about 0.9. Then the voltage distribution across the conic secondary winding is analyzed with electromagnetic field theory and electric network model. Results show that it is approximately linear with the turn radius of the secondary winding and almost the same as that for a coaxial pulse forming line (PFL).
Then the electrical parameters of the developed Tesla transformer are experimentally measured, with the results in good agreement with design. The PFL charging experiments of the Tesla transformer are investigated in single shot and rep-rate (50 pps) modes. The maximum PFL charging voltages for the two cases are 380 kV and 300 kV, respectively. Particularly, the charging limitations are explored, allowing a conclusion that the PFL breakdown is recoverable under occasional breakdown for individual pulse, without the effects on the operations of subsequent pulses.
In addition, the pressure effect of the oil PFL is experimentally investigated. It is found that the breakdown strength of oil-dielectric increases with hydrostatic pressure approximately to the one eighth power. Inhibitting the formation of the bubbles by pressurization is a probably explanation for increasing breakdown strength for pressurized liquid.
2. The effects of gas pressure and gas flow velocity on the operation performance of the spark gap switch in the rep-rate mode are experimentally investigated.
Using the designed spark gap switch with a gas blowing system, the rep-rate operation of spark gap switch is experimentally investigated in the case of pressurization. The results indicate for gas pressure in the range of 2.0 MPa, both the breakdown voltage and its pulse-to-pulse instability (RMS) decrease with the pulse number, and reach the steady operation when the pulses exceed 50. At the same time, the instability increases with the pulse rep-rate. Particularly, the instability is less than 5% in the range of less than 50 pps, so it is possible to avoid a gas blowing system, reducing the volume and weight of the system. Once the pulse repetition rate exceeds 100 pps, the instability will exceed 10%, resulting that it is necessary to adopt a gas blowing system.
The effect of the gas flow velocity in the rep-rate operation for the spark gap switch is investigated. The conclusions on the gas flow velocity are shown as follows. There exists an optimal gas flow velocity with given rep-rate, which is linear with the rep-rate and can be experimentally determined. At the optimal gas flow velocity, the instability is less than 3% for gas pressures ranging from 0.7 to 1.5 MPa. The spark gap switch with the gas blowing system can steadily operate at the breakdown voltages up to 400 kV with a maximum rep-rate of 300 pps for gas pressure less than 2.0 MPa.
3. The voltage stability for the repetitive primary energy source is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified.
In rep-rate mode, the recurrence relations between the adjacent pulses on the initial voltages across the primary capacitor are derived. Then the equation for the initial voltage across the primary capacitor in stable state is obtained. The method of calculating the transition time or the number of transition pulses from the unstable state to the stable state is presented. The condition of the charging thyristor switch’s turn-on time independent of the spark gap switch’s breakdown voltage is theoretically discussed. Base on the theory analyses, the primary energy source with a rep-rate up to 1000 pps is developed and experimentally investigated. Results show that the primary energy source can operate stably from the first pulse by choosing appropriate thyristor switch’s turn-on time.
4. The compact rep-rate pulse generator is developed.
Based on the three subsystems, the pulse generator is developed with a 0.2 m diameter, a 1.0 m length, and a 90 kg mass. Across a 100Ωresistive load, it can generate the output pulses with voltage amplitude up to 330 kV, duration (FWHM) of 7 ns and risetime down to 2 ns in the single shot mode. In the rep-rate mode, it can steadily operate at a 310 kV output voltage with the instability of 5% for 300 pulses in 40 pps rep-rate and 300 kV with 10% in 100 pps. Moreover, the gas blowing system can be unadopted for rep-rate less than 100 pps. For the pulse generator, the output peaking power is ~1 GW, the average power ~0.7 kW, and the average power density ~22 kW/m3. By far, this type of pulse generators with such performance has not been reported at home country.
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