摘要
蚊虫吸食人血，可传播如：疟疾、丝虫病、流行性乙型脑炎和登革热等疾病，是严重的公共卫生问题。长期以来，人们使用多种方法控制蚊虫，各类化学杀虫剂对蚊虫防制效果好，且持效时间长，在有些地区的蚊媒病控制中起到了举足轻重的作用，在人们日常生活中也起着不可替代的作用。随着杀虫剂在过去五十多年的大量和长期使用，蚊虫的抗药性问题越来越严重，对环境及其自然生态平衡的影响，也有增无减。寻求对环境安全、易于降解、成本低并具有选择毒性的杀虫剂刻不容缓。
植物精油是植物体内的一类次生性代谢物质，主要成分为单萜、倍半萜和芳香烃衍生物。多通过蒸馏法提取，易溶于酒精、乙醚，难溶于水。现知许多植物精油对蚊虫具有一定的毒杀和驱避效果，出于植物精油的气味芳香，将其用于蚊虫防制或从中寻找人工合成的天然模板很有前途，具有生态、社会和经济效益统一的开发潜力。
本课题研究了对蚊虫具有毒杀作用及驱避作用的5种植物精油，对杀虫效果好的植物精油进行了成分分析，测定其主要成分毒杀蚊虫的效果，并对植物精油的杀虫机制进行初步探讨。主要取得的结果如下：
1、芸香科植物精油、留兰香油、椒样薄荷油、香茅油和菊科植物精油对致倦库蚊成蚊均具有一定的熏蒸毒杀效果，其中以芸香科植物精油的毒杀效果最好。
2、以昆明小鼠为实验对象，5种植物精油的7％乙醇溶液对白纹伊蚊均具有一定的驱避作用。留兰香油的驱避效果最好，有效保护时间长达7 h。香茅油涂抹8 h后，对白纹伊蚊的有效保护率为94％。同时对不同浓度的芸香科植物精油和菊科植物精油的驱避效果进行了观察，发现植物精油的浓度越高，驱避效果越好。
3、测定了5种植物精油处理过的蚊虫乙酰胆碱酯酶和非特异性酯酶的活性，结果显示乙酰胆碱酯酶是留兰香油和香茅油的重要靶标酶。非特异性酯酶是芸香科植物精油、留兰香油、香茅油和椒样薄荷油的重要靶标酶。
4、用GC／MS分析了芸香科植物精油的化学成分，共鉴定了55个成分，
A和B是芸香科植物精油的主要成分，共占69%。测定了A对致倦库蚊成蚊
的熏杀活性，结果显示A对致倦库蚊具有很强的短时杀虫效果，而芸香科植
物精油的原油长时杀虫效果好。提示芸香科植物精油的杀虫效果是多个组分
协同作用的结果。
Mosquitoes are blood-feeding insects, which transmit many diseases, such as malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever. It is the most important public health problem in wide areas. Many methods and materials have been using to control mosquitoes. One of the better materials is the chemical insecticides, which control activity is good and continuing time is very long. The chemical insecticide was the most important to control the mosquito-borne diseases at special areas in past, and also can't replace by else in our daily life. But the level of insecticide resistance was higher and higher, and the hazard effect on the environment was harder and harder, induced by the extensive and long time usages of synthetic chemical insecticides during the last five decades. It is necessary to search and develop on the new insecticides with environment safely, biodegrading easily, lower cost and choosy toxicity.
Essential oils and their components are products chemicals from the secondary metabolism of the plants. Generally, essential oils consist of hydrocarbons or monofunctional compounds from mono- and sesqui-terpenes, together phenylpropanoids and other volatile aliphatic and aromatic substances. Essential oils extracted by steam distillation from plants. They can easily dissolve by ethanol and aether, but difficultly by water. As known many essential oils have insecticidal and repellent activity. For the pleasant odor of essential oils, it is promising for them to be applied for mosquito control and for us to find natural template of artificial chemicals. Therefore, studies on essential oils have ecological, social and economic potential for exploitation.
In this study deals with the investigation of five essential oils, their adulticidal and repellent effects against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus. the chemical components of the most effective essential oil, adulicidal
activity of the major component against Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus and to discuss the five essential oils' mechanism against Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus.
The result is as the follows:
1. The five essential oils have toxic effects on Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions. The most effective essential oil was Rutaceae oil.
2.7% five essential oils have repellent activity of Ae. albopictus to protect Kunming mouse. Carvacryl oil was the best repellent which gave protection against Ae. albopictus for at least 7h. Citronella oil repelled at an average of 94% after 8h treated. The protection time of Rutaceae oil and Asteraceae oil against Ae. albopictus are correlative with the concentration.
3.To study the change of acetylcholinesterase(AchE) and non-specific esterase(NSE) activity of the five treated groups, provide scientific basis for the five essential oils' mechanism against Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus, the result indicated that AchE was the main target enzyme of Carvacryl oil and Citronella oil. NSE was the target enzyme of Rutaceae oil, Carvacryl oil Citronella oil and Mentha piperita oil.
4.The chemical components of Rutaceae oil were analyzed by GC-MS technique. Fifty-five components were identified. A and B were the major components (69%). A showed a marked mosquito adulticidal activity against Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus at short-term fumigation. But Rutaceae oil showed highly toxic effects on mosquito adults at long-term. The result indicated that the msecticidal effect of Rutaceae oil was the combination of many components.
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