摘要
松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope是松树的重大害虫，除能直接危害松树造成松树死亡外，还是松树枯萎病的病原松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus（Steiner et buhrer）Nickle的传播媒介。近30年来，主要由松褐天牛传播的松材线虫病对中国南方多省的松林造成了毁灭性的破坏，严重影响了我国以林业为主的生态环境建设。为了探索无公害松材线虫病防治措施，本研究主要以生物防治为主的无公害防治技术控制松材线虫的媒介昆虫—松褐天牛来治理松材线虫病。研究在安徽省九华山林区进行，在国家“林业公益性行业科研专项”项目“生物防治松褐天牛控制松材线虫病技术研究（200904025）”和国家林业局推广项目“国家林业局九华山松材线虫病生物控制技术推广示范项目（2009TK059）”的资助下，通过2年多研究试验，取得了良好的防治效果。研究的主要结果如下：
1.研究了松褐天牛在九华山地区的生物学和生态学特性。表明松褐天牛在九华山林区1年1代，以幼虫在寄主松树内越冬；成虫羽化期从5月初开始，羽化期不整齐，可持续5个月，以6-8月份羽化数量最多。松褐天牛危害造成的马尾松Pinus massoniana死树的分布型为聚集分布；松褐天牛越冬幼虫在马尾松树干中的分布型为聚集分布，0-2m树干中虫口量少，树干中上部虫口数量大；松褐天牛的产卵刻槽、老幼虫的侵入孔、成虫羽化孔在树干上的分布型也为聚集型。利用受害马尾松死树胸径、树高和其中松褐天牛实际虫口数量之间的关系，建立了松褐天牛虫口数量估测模型，利用该模型可以测算出越冬后松褐天牛在林间的虫口数量。研究了九华山地区松褐天牛种群的年变化规律，发现天敌和气候因子是影响其种群变化的最主要因素。测定了松褐天牛成虫的飞行扩散能力，研究发现其自行扩散距离在139.25m以内。以上研究结果为利用无公害防治技术打下了基础。
2.松褐天牛老熟幼虫和蛹防治技术。在室内试验中，释放花绒寄甲Dastarcushelophoroides Fairmaire卵可使松褐天牛的虫口减退率最高达91.18%，释放花绒寄甲成虫可使松褐天牛的虫口减退率达91.23%；林间试验中，在马尾松直立死树上释放花绒寄甲成虫，按寄甲与天牛侵入孔数量1:1的释放量，释放60d后防治效果达66.02%；在林间均匀释放花绒寄甲成虫，释放量为3000头/hm~2的林分60d后的防治效果为43.58%，释放量为3750头/hm~2的林分1年后的防治效果为83.68%；在受害死树伐倒木段上释放花绒寄甲成虫，按寄甲和天牛1:1的释放量释放，60d后的防治效果为91.16%；受害的死树伐倒后释放花绒寄甲卵，按卵和天牛幼虫侵入孔数量16:1的释放量释放，45d后的防效为91.48%。根据防治效果比较，表明在受害死树伐倒后释放花绒寄甲卵的效果最好。
3.诱木设置技术。设置诱木的最佳时间为在松褐天牛成虫羽化前25d。研究发现诱木在设置2个月后即失去吸引松褐天牛成虫产卵的能力，故在首次设置的诱木失去作用之前25d，需在诱木旁增设1株诱木。在受害程度轻、中、重3种类型的马尾松林分中，最适的诱木数量分别为2，5，14株/hm~2，能够起到显著地引诱林间松褐天牛成虫集中产卵从而保护其他林木不受危害的效果。
4.在松褐天牛成虫期利用黑光灯和诱捕器诱杀成虫技术研究。通过对我们研究室设计生产的松褐天牛专用黑光灯林间引诱试验，筛选出了一种引诱效果最好的波长-FWS5和一种诱杀效果最好的灭虫器-FWS-DBL-1灭虫器，1灯1晚最多诱集到松褐天牛成虫49头。对该波长的黑光灯诱集到的昆虫分析表明，该光源对天敌昆虫影响很小。从对诱到的松褐天牛雌成虫怀卵量统计结果来看，每头雌虫平均怀卵量为30.09粒，接近未产卵雌虫的怀卵量，表明利用该黑光灯诱杀松褐天牛成虫是一种新的可行的防治方法。
通过利用4种诱捕器使用A-3型松褐天牛引诱剂的林间试验，筛选出了对松褐天牛成虫引诱效果最佳的诱捕器-YB-50松褐天牛诱捕器。引诱剂诱捕到的松褐天牛雌虫多于雄虫，每头雌成虫的怀卵量平均为36.30粒。表明诱集到的松褐天牛成虫为有效诱集。
5.利用肿腿蜂防治松褐天牛低龄幼虫技术。通过利用4种肿腿蜂（管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu，川硬皮肿腿蜂S. sichuanensis Xiao，白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂S.pupariae Yang et Yao，松褐天牛肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sp.）在室内的寄生试验，表明松褐天牛肿腿蜂是寄生效果最好的蜂种；松褐天牛2~3龄幼虫是其最适宜寄生的虫期，最佳释放量为蜂虫比2:1，在此释放量时，寄生率为45%。在林间利用2种肿腿蜂（松褐天牛肿腿蜂和川硬皮肿腿蜂）进行了防治松褐天牛低龄幼虫试验，确定了2种肿腿蜂的最佳释放比例。松褐天牛肿腿蜂释放量与受害木树干上松褐天牛产卵刻槽数量的最佳比例为4.63:1，川硬皮肿腿蜂释放量与受害树干上松褐天牛产卵刻槽数量的最佳比例为5.66:1。
为了探讨松褐天牛肿腿蜂理论上控制松褐天牛幼虫的潜能，通过功能反应的方法测定了其对松褐天牛3龄幼虫的控制能力。表明1头松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂对松褐天牛3龄幼虫的最大致死量为9.48头；肿腿蜂的寄主密度阈限为4头；肿腿蜂与天牛幼虫比例为1:1时，可使松褐天牛幼虫死亡总数最大。
6.室内利用2种昆虫病原线虫防治松褐幼虫试验研究。利用小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae ALL品系以6万条/ml的剂量，喷洒后7d松褐天牛3龄幼虫死亡率为82.22%；异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis sp. WG品系在相同剂量条件下，喷洒后7d松褐天牛3龄幼虫死亡率为74.44%。异小杆线虫的起效要比小卷蛾斯氏线虫快，二者的致死峰值主要集中在第1-3d。表明这2种病原线虫也可作为生物防治松褐天牛的天敌。
7.其他危害马尾松的蛀干害虫和松褐天牛天敌调查。调查表明，危害马尾松的蛀干害虫除松褐天牛外，还有马尾松角胫象Shirahoshizo patruelis、松瘤象Hyposipalus gigas、纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda、横坑切梢小蠹Tomicus minor、松幽天牛Asemumamurense等。
松褐天牛的捕食性天敌有莱氏猛叩甲Tetrigus lewisi和眼纹斑叩甲Cryptalauslarvatus。眼纹斑叩甲是松褐天牛幼虫最主要的捕食性天敌，垂直分布于死树的各个高度；莱氏猛叩甲Tetrigus lewisi只分布在树干8m以下。
松褐天牛的寄生性天敌有以下4种：1）花绒寄甲，寄生松褐天牛中老龄幼虫和蛹，自然寄生率为0.34%。2）松褐天牛卵金小蜂（Chalcidoidea，Pteromalidae）寄生松褐天牛卵，为单寄生，寄生率为3.6%，经杨忠岐教授鉴定，为1新种，这是在国内首次发现松褐天牛的卵寄生蜂；3）松褐天牛柄腹茧蜂Spathius sp.，该蜂寄生于松褐天牛的1~2龄幼虫，为单寄生，寄生率15%；4）一种金小蜂（Chalcidoidea，Pteromalidae），寄生于松褐天牛的1龄幼虫上，寄生率6%。
作者在安徽省九华山林区经过两年多的研究，初步探索出了以生物防治技术为主的无公害综合防治松褐天牛技术，通过控制松材线虫病的传播媒介松褐天牛达到了控制松材线虫传播蔓延和危害的目标，为我国松材线虫病的防治研究出了一条无公害防治新途径、新技术。该项技术包括在松褐天牛成虫期设置诱木，利用专用黑光灯诱杀成虫，利用引诱剂诱集成虫；在低龄幼虫期释放肿腿蜂、在中老龄幼虫期和蛹期释放花绒寄甲成虫和卵进行防治，取得了显著的防治效果。同时，结合清理诱木和受害死树，将诱木和清理的死树锯成木段，而后释放花绒寄甲卵并罩网，利用其中的松褐天牛幼虫繁育花绒寄甲，变害为利，增加林间花绒寄甲种群数量，从而达到长期持续控制松褐天牛的防治目的。
Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus Hope, is an important forest pest to pinetrees in China, which not only kills pine trees directly but also is the main vector of pathogenof pine wilt disease-Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. During the past30years, pine wiltdisease spread by M. alternatus made a devastating destruction to the pine forest in mostprovinces of southern China, which affected the ecological environment construction offorest-based in China. In order to explore pollution-free techniques to control pine wilt disease,a method mainly by biological control was used to prevent the vector insect-M. alternatusso that cut off the chain of transmission of B. xylophilus. The study area was in JiuhuaMountains, Anhui Province. Under the funding of national program of public welfare offorestry named “Biocontrol of Monochamus alternatus Hope to Control Pine Wilt Disease(200904025)” and extended project of State Forestry Administration named “Promotion ofDemonstration Projects of Biocontrol Techniques of Pine Wilt Disease in Jiuhua Mountains(2009TK059)”, a well control effect of M. alternatus has been achieved. The results weresummarized as follows.
1. The biological and ecological characteristics of M. alternatus in Jiuhua Mountains werestudied. It was showed that M. alternatus had one generation in a year, and its larvaeoverwinterred in the host trees. The emergence time of adults started at early May and last5months, and from June to August the numbers of emergence was more than that in othermonths. The distribution type of dead trees of Pinus massoniana was aggregated distribution,and the distribution type of overwintering larvae was the same which appeared that thepopulation of M. alternatus was less from0to2m of the tree, and was more at themiddle-upper part of trees. The distribution type of oviposition scars, boring hole bored bylarvae and emergence hole of M. alternatus had the same distribution type like theoverwintering larvae. Through the relation between population of M. alternatus of a tree andthe diameter at breast height and height of the tree, a population model was built, which couldcalculate the population of overwintering larvae in a dead P. massoniana trees. The annual change of the population of M. alternatus in Jiuhua Mountains was also studied, which showedthat natural enemies and climate were the key factors affecting the annual change of thepopulation. The research on the flight ability of adults appeared that the self-diffusion distanceof adults was139.25m at most. The results above provide a basis for the pollution-freetechniques.
2. Biocontrol of the larvae elder than3rd instar and pupae of M. alternatus by the adultsand eggs of Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire. The results showed that in the indoorexperiments, releasing adults of D. helophoroides on the wood segments with M. alternatus,the decreased rate of M. alternatus population was91.23%; and releasing eggs of D.helophoroides on the wood segments, the decreased rate of M. alternatus population was91.18%. In the field tests, when the releasing ratio of number of adults of D. helophoroides tothe number of boring hole by larvae was1:1in experiment of releasing D. helophoroides adultsonto the erect trees, the control effects was66.02%and the control effects of releasing adultsonto dead trees sawed and heaped was91.16%at the same proportion. In the test of releasingadults uniformly into field, the control effect of the60d was43.58%at the releasing quantityof3000adults per1hm~2，the control effect of the second year was83.68%at the releasingquantity of3750adults per1hm~2. The control effect was91.48%when ratio of numbers of D.helophoroides eggs to the numbers of boring hole by larvae was16:1in experiment ofreleasing eggs onto the hewed trees. It was concluded that the control effects of releasing eggsonto the hewed trees was the best.
3. Studies on the technique of trap trees setting. The most suitable time of trap treessetting was25d before the emergence time of M. alternatus adults. The lasting effect of traptrees was2months, so the other trap tree should be set25d before the previous one gettinguseless at the side. In the degree of forest damaged by M. alternatus of light, medium andheavy, the optimal number of trap trees setting was2,5,14per1ha, which would attract mostof the M. alternatus to oviposit to protect the other trees.
4. During the adults stage of M. alternatus using black light and attractant traps to trapand kill adults. Through the test in field, a optimal light wave and a kind of pest controlequipment was filtrated as follows: FWS5and FWS-DBL-1. Combination of the two could kill 49adults of M. alternatus in one night per black light, which had little effect on the naturalenemy. The fecundity of female lured was30.09on average, which appeared that adults luredand killed by black light had not oviposited. It was concluded that black light was a new andfeasible way to control M. alternatus.
Trap of YM-50which was made byGuangdong academy of forestry was filtrated from4types of traps. The female of M. alternatus lured was more than the male, whose fecundity was36.30on average which showed that the female lured had not oviposited.
5. Control of the young instar larvae of M. alternatus by bethyloids. Through theexperiments of using4species of bethyloids (Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu, S. sichuanensisXiao, S. pupariae Yang et Yao, Sclerodermus sp.) to control M. alternatus in door, Sclerodemussp. was filtrated to be the best natural enemy, the most suitable parastic time was the2nd to3rdinstars, and the optimal releasing proportion was2:1(wasps: M. alternatus). In the field,2species of bethyloids was used to control the young instar larvae of M. alternatus, and theoptimal releasing number was determined. The proportion of number of Sclerodermus sp. tonumber of oviposition scars of M. alternatus was4.63:1, and that of S. sichuanesis was5.66:1.
In order to explore the potential ability of Sclerodermus sp. on M. alternatus, a method offunction response was used to test the control effects of Sclerodermus sp. on3rd instar M.alternatus. The results showed that maximum numberof hosts killed by preying on hosts byone bethylid wasp was9.48. In the functional response of parasitization, the threshold limit ofthe number of hosts is4. When the ratio of the bethylids to larvae was approximately1:1, themortality of M. alternatus larvae was the maximal.
6. Laboratory test on the control of Japanese pine sawyer by two species ofentomophagous nematodes. Under the doses of60000individuals/ml, seven days later,82.22%individuals of M. alternatus at the3rd instar were killed by Steinernema carpocapsae ALL;under the same dose and seven days later,74.44%individuals were killed by Heterorhabditissp. WG. The efficacy of Heterorhabditis sp. WG was faster than Steinernema carpocapsae All,and the lethal peak of the two nematodes to M. alternatus was from the1st to3rd day.
7. Investigation of other wood boring insects and natural enemy of M. alternatus in thedead trees of P. massoniana. The survey showed that there were Shirahoshizo patruelis, Hyposipalus gigas, Hyposipalus gigas, Tomicus piniperda, Tomicus minor and Asemumamurense in addition to the largest number of M. alternatus.
Tetrigus lewisi and Cryptalaus larvatus was the predatory natural enemy of M. alternatus.Cryptalaus larvatus was most important predatory natural enemy in the forestry, whichdistributed in all heights of dead tree. The other natural enemy, Tetrigus lewisi distributed onlybelow8m in the tree.
There were4species of parasitoids of M. alternatus. D. helophoroides parasitized on themature larvae and pupae of M. alternatus, whose parasitism rate was0.34%at natural state. Aspecies of egg parasitoid wasp (Chalcidoidea，Pteromalidae), parasitized the eggs of M.alternatus, and was a mono-parasitic wasp with a parasitism of3.6%. Through theidentification of professor Yang, it was identified as a new species. It is the first time to find outthe egg parasitoids of M. alternatus. A species of braconid wasp (Spathius sp.) on the younglarvae of M. alternatus was found, which was a mono-parasitic wasps with a parasitism of15%.A species of pteromalid wasp (Chalcidoidea，Pteromalidae) was also found on the newlyhatched larvae, with a parasitism of6%.
Through the studies of two years in Jiuhua Mountains, a pollution-free technique mainlyby biocontrol to suppress M. alternatus was preliminary achieved. This technique preventedthe spread and damage of B. xylophilus through control of the vector insect——M. alternatus,which would provide a new pollution-free way for control of pine wilt disease. The maintechniques included as follows, some of trap trees were set during the adults stage of M.alternatus, black lights and attractants were used to kill the adults of M. alternatus. During theyoung instar larvae of M. alternatus, bethyloids are released to control the larvae, then theadults and eggs of D. helophoroides are used to control the pupae and larvae over third instar.Last, the trap trees are cut down and covered with stainless steel wire mesh, which would be asthe breeding field of natural enemies to increase the numbers of D.helophoroides for goal oflong-term sustainable control effect.
引文
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