摘要
低碳经济发展模式正以汹涌的势头取代高碳经济发展模式,从微观到宏观冲击整个社会经济系统。在低碳经济政策影响下,就业增长模式会否发生改变,就业结构优化升级的标准及方式会否发生改变,这需要进行新的理论诠释。
本文的研究目标是对低碳经济政策的就业效应进行理论解析和实证检验。通过数学模型解析低碳经济政策影响就业量及就业结构的路径和结果,得出低碳经济政策就业效应的一般规律性结论；通过对中国实施低碳经济政策就业效应的现象解析和数据解析,得出在中国现阶段低碳经济政策就业效应的特殊结论,为制定低碳就业政策提供可行的建议。
本文的主要研究内容和贡献为：
第一,在一个集低碳经济理论、劳动经济理论、产业经济理论等多种理论为一体的框架下,从微观、中观及宏观三个层面分析了低碳经济政策就业效应的作用机理。在微观层面运用图形分别解析了约束型低碳经济政策手段和激励型低碳经济政策手段对企业劳动力需求的替代效应、成本效应及总体影响,并运用数学模型推理验证了图形解析的结论；运用数学模型分析了低碳经济政策的劳动力流动效应及人力资本效应。在中观层面分析了低碳经济政策对就业影响的价格效应。在宏观层面分析了低碳经济政策对就业影响的消费需求效应。
第二,提出了C02结构偏离度概念,运用这一概念分析中国不同产业和地区二氧化碳排放与就业的关联,并按CO2结构偏离度差异对不同地区、不同产业实施低碳经济政策的就业效应进行了比较分析。
第三,根据低碳经济政策就业效应的作用机理建立计量模型检验中国实施低碳经济政策对就业量及就业结构的整体影响,评价采用不同低碳经济政策手段对就业量及就业结构的影响。计量分析结果表明,总体而言,中国抑制能源消费量对就业量和就业结构均会产生负面影响,降低二氧化碳排放强度则有利于促进就业量增长和就业结构优化。不同低碳经济政策手段的就业效应存在差异,提高能源价格或者增加污染治理投资均会不同程度的减少就业量,增加污染治理投资不利优化就业结构,提高能源价格却会促进优化就业结构。
本文基于对中国低碳经济政策就业效应实证分析的结论,借鉴英国和美国低碳就业政策的经验,构建了以政府为主导的,实现低碳与就业双重目标导向的低碳就业政策框架。
Low carbon economic policies have potential micro and macro economic impact on enterprises, consumers, jobs and GDP. Will the low carbon economic policies influence the employment growth pattern and the employment structure optimization? This issue is deserved to make a thorough inquiry.
For finding the general rule of the employment effect of low carbon economic policy, this paper decomposes the path and results that low carbon economic policies affect the amount and structure of employment by mathematic method. This paper also aims to find the special rule of the employment effect of low carbon economic policy in China by empirical test, and provide feasible suggestion for promoting employment through the implementation of low carbon economic policies.
Main contents and contributions are as follows:
Firstly, this paper uses a collection of low carbon economy theory, labor economic theory, industrial economic theory and other related theories. This paper analyzes the mechanism that low carbon economic policies influence labor supply, labor demand and employment structure from micro, meso and macro perspectives. From the micro perspective, the labor demand effect of restrictive low carbon economy policies and incentive low carbon economy policies are decomposed into substitution effect and cost effect. Labor flow-on effect and human capital effect are also analyzed from the micro perspective. Price effect and consumption demand effect are analyzed respectively from the meso and macro perspectives.
Secondly, this paper puts forward the concept of CO2structure deviation. According to the size of the CO2structure deviation in different areas and industries, the employment effects of different low carbon economic policy instruments are evaluated by empirical test.
Thirdly, econometric analysis shows that different low carbon economic policy instruments have different effects on employment. Raising energy prices or increasing pollution control investment will reduce employment. Increasing pollution control investment is unfavorable for optimizing the employment structure, but raising energy prices will not adversely affect the optimization of employment structure. Improving new energy consumption ratio will promote the secondary and tertiary industries employment growth and promote the employment structure optimization. Overall, China's efforts to restrain the energy consumption can produce negative effects on employment and employment structure, however, reducing carbon dioxide emissions intensity is helpful for promoting employment growth and employment structure optimization.
Based on the conclusion from empirical analysis and the low carbon employment policy experiences from Britain and the United States, this paper suggests to construct a government leading and dual goal oriented low carbon employment policy framework.
引文
1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Appendix Ⅰ:Glossary, in IPCC Third Assessment Report-Climate Change 2001. http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=/climate/ipcc tar/wgl/518.htm.
2 温室气体(Greenhouse gases)指大气中能吸收地面反射的太阳辐射,并重新发射辐射的一些气体,如水蒸气、二氧化碳、大部分制冷剂等。它们的作用是使地球表面变暖,类似于温室截留太阳辐射,并加热温室内空气的作用。这种温室气体使地球变得更温暖的影响称为“温室效应”。水汽(H2O)、二氧化碳(CO2)、氧化亚氮(N2O)、甲烷(CH4)和臭氧(O3)是地球大气中主要的温室气体。资料来源同注释1。
3 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change.
1 Kyoto Protocol. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto Protocol#Objectives.
2 京都议定书http://baike.baidu.com/view/41423.htm.
1 李克国主编.低碳经济概论.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2011：2.
2 何姣.中国成为最大二氧化碳排放国[EB/OL].2007-6-21[2013-4-18].http://news.sciencenet.cn/html/showsbnewsl.aspx?id=182628.
3 中国国家统计局.2012年国际统计年鉴.北京：中国统计出版社,2012：11.
4 高初建.应对气候变化中国当做赢家[EB/OL].2009-9-24[2013-4-9].http://intl.ce.cn/zgysj/200909/24/t20090924_20086594.shtml.
5 国务院会议研究决定我国控制温室气体排放行动目标[EB/OL].2009-11-26[2012-4-19].http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2009-11/26/content_12544697.htm.
1 胡锦涛.坚定不移沿着中国特色社会主义道路前进为全面建成小康社会而奋斗——在中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会上的报告2012-11-17[2012-11-18]. http://news.xinhuanet.com/18cpcnc/2012-11/17/c 113711665.htm.
2 中国国家统计局.2012中国统计年鉴.北京：中国统计出版社：12-14.
3 中国国家统计局.2012中国统计年鉴.北京：中国统计出版社：1056.
1 Pearce, D.W. The Role of Carbon Taxes in Adjusting to Global Warming [J]. Economic Journal,1991, 101(407):938-948.
2 Renner, M. Jobs in a Sustainable Economy. Worldwatch Paper 104 [R]. Washington, DC:Worldwatch Institute. 1991.
3 Von Weizacker, E. U. and J. Jesinghaus. Ecological Tax reform:A Policy Proposal for Sustainable Development [M]. London:Zed Press.1992.
4 Hall, B. Gold and Green:Can We Have Good Jobs and a Healthy Environment. Durham[R].NC:Institute for Southern Studies.1994.
5 Bezdek, R. H. The Net Impact of Environmental Protection on Jobs and the Economy [M]. In Environmental Justice, ed. B. Bryant, Washington, DC:Island Press.1995:86-106.
6 Bossier, F. and T. A. Brechet. Fiscal reform for increasing employment and mitigating CO2 emissions in Europe. Energy Policy [J].1995,23(9):789-798.
7 Templet, P. H. The Positive Relationship Between Jobs, the Environment, and the Economy[EB/OL].1996. [2012-1-17]. www.theharbinger.org/articles/sus_dev/temp1.html.
1 Bovenberg, A.L. and F. van der Ploeg. Environmental policy, public finance and the labour market in a second-best world[J]. Journal of Public Economics,1994,55:349-390.
2 Bovenberg, A.L. and F. van der Ploeg. Optimal Taxation, Public Goods and Environmental Policy with Involuntary Unemployment [J]. Journal of Public Economics,1996,62:59-83.
Bovenberg, A. L.. Tax Reform, Structural Unemployment and the Environment [J]. Scand. J. Economics,1998 100 (3):593-610.
4 Schneider, K. Involuntary Unemployment and Environmental Policy:The Double Dividend Hypothesis [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Economics,1997,99:45-59.
5 Hogarth, M. Howard Hails New$1.25bn Era for The Environment [J]. Sydney Morning Herald,1997,23.
6 Crowley, K. Jobs and Environment:the 'Double Dividend' of Ecological Modernization [J]? International Journal of Social Economics,1999,26:1013-1026.
7 Goodstein, E. Jobs and the Environment:the Myth of a National Trade-Off [R]. Washington:Economic Policy Institute.1994.
8 Goodstein, E. The Trade-off Myth:Fact and Fiction about Jobs and the Environment [M]. Washington, DC:Island Press.1999.
9 Nielsen, S.B., L.H. Pedersen, and P.B. Sarensen. Environmental Policy, Pollution, Unemployment, and Endogenous Growth [J]. International Tax and Public Finance,1995,2:185-205.
10Carraro, C., M. Galeotti and M. Gallo. Environmental Taxation and Unemployment:Some Evidence on the Double Dividend Hypothesis in Europe [J]. Journal of Public Economics,1996,62:141-81.
11 Ackerman, F. Why Do We Recycle [M]? Washington, DC:Island Press.1997.
12 Brunello, G Labour Market Institutions and the Double Dividend Hypothesis. In Carraro, C. and Siniscalco, D. (eds.), Environmental Fiscal Reform and Unemployment [M]. Dordrecht:Klower Academic Publishers,1996.
13 McEvoy, D., D.C. Gibbs and J.W.S. Longhurst. The Employment Implications Of A Low-Carbon Economy [J]. Sustainable Development,2000,8:27-38.
Hinterberger, F., I. Omann and A. Stocker. Employment and Environment in a Sustainable Europe [J]. Empirica, 2002,29:113-130.
Bezdek, R. H., R. M. Wendling and P. DiPerna. Environmental protection, the economy, and jobs:National and regional analyses [J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2008,86:63-79.
16 Marx, A. Ecological Modernization, Environmental Policy and Employment. Can Environmental Protection and Employment be Reconciled? [J]. Innovation,2010,13(3):311-325.
1 Krause, F, F. Krause, S. J. DeCanio, J. A. Hoerner, P. Baer. Cutting Carbon Emissions at a Profit (part Ⅱ):Impacts on U.S. Competitiveness and Jobs [J]. Contemporary Economic Policy,2003,21:90-105.
2 Holst, D. R., F. Kahrl, UC Berkeley. An Economic Assessment of the American Clean Energy and Security Act and the Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act [EB/OL]. University of California,2009 [2011-12-27]. http://are.berkeley.edu/～dwrh/CERES_Web/Docs/ES_DRHFK091025.pdf.
3 D·麦凯维,D·C·吉布斯,J·W·S·朗赫斯特.低碳经济与就业问题的关系研究[J].城市观察,2010,2：95-104.
4 Morgenstern, R. D., W. A. Pizer. Jobs versus the Environment:An Industry-level Perspective [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2002,43(3):412-436.
5 McEvoy, D., D.C. Gibbs, and J.W.S. Longhurst. Longhurst. Assessing the Employment Implications of a Sustainable Energy System:a Methodological Overview [J]. Geographical& Environmental Modelling,2000,2:189-201.
1 Pollin, R. H. Garrett-Peltier. Building the Green Economy:Employment Effects of Green Energy Investments for Ontario[EB/OL].2009[2011-12-27]. http://assets.wwf.ca/downloads/building_the_green_economy.pdf
2 Pargal, S. H. Hettige, M. Singh, and D. Wheeler. Formal and Informal Regulation of Industrial Pollution: Comparative Evidence from Indonesia and the United States [J]. The World Bank Economic Review,1997, 11,(3):433-50.
3 McEvoy, D., D.C. Gibbs, and J.W.S. Longhurst.Assessing the Employment Implications of a Sustainable Energy System:a Methodological Overview [J]. Geographical& Environmental Modelling,2000,2:189-201.
4 Berman, Eli and L. T. Bui. Environmental Regulation and Labor Demand:evidence from the South Coast Air Basin[J]. Journal of Public Economics,2001,79(2):265-295.
5 Kraft, J. and A. Kraft. On the relationship between energy and GNP [J]. Journal of Energy and Development,1978, 3:401-3.
6 Akarca, A. T. and T. V. Long. Energy and Employment:A Time-Series Analysis of The Causal Relationship [J]. Resources and Energy,1979,2:151-62.
7 Akarca, A. T. and R. V. Long. On the Relationship between Energy and GNP:a reexamination [J]. Journal of Energy and Development,1980,5:326-31.
8 Murray, D. A. and G D. Nan. The energy consumption and employment relationship:a clarication [J]. Journal of Energy and Development,1992,16:121-31.
9 Yu, E. S. H., Chow, P. C. Y. and Choi, J. Y. The Causal Relationship between Energy and Employment:An Reexamination [J]. Energy System and Policy,1987/1988,11:287-95.
10 Erol, U. and E. S. H.Yu. Spectral Analysis of The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Employment And Business Cycles [J]. Resources and Energy,1989,11:395-412.
1 Yu, E. S. H. and J. C. Jin. Cointegration tests of energy consumption, income and employment [J]. Resources and Energy,1992,14:259-66.
2 Bumiaux, J.M., J.P. Martin, G. Nicoletti, and J. Oliveira-Martins. GREEN—A Multi-Sector, Multi-Region General Equilibrium Model for Quantifying the Costs of Curbing CO2 Emissions; A Technical Manual[R]. OECD Working Paper No.116,1992.
3 Manne, A.S. and G.R. Richels. Buying Greenhouse Insurance—The Economic Costs of CO2 Emission Limits [M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1992.
4 Hamermesh, D. (1993):Labor Demand[M] Princeton NJ:Princeton University Press,2010.
5 Deschenes, O. Climate Policy and Labor Markets [EB/OL]. Working Paper 16111,2010[2012-1-161. http://www.nber.org/papers/w16111.
6 Roland-Hoist, D. Energy Efficiency, Innovation, and Job Creation in California [EB/OL]. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, UCB, UC Berkeley.2008[2012-1-16]. http://are.berkeley.edu/-dwrh/CERES_Web/index.html.
7 Moreno, B. and A. J. Lopez. The Effect of Renewable Energy on Employment, the Case of Asturias (Spain) [J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008,12:732-751.
1 Wei, M. S. Patadia and D. M. Kammen. Putting Renewables And Energy Efficiency to Work:How Many Jobs Can The Clean Energy Industry Generate in the US [J]? Energy Policy,2010,38:919-931.
2 Hillebrand, B., H. G Buttermann, J. M. Behringer and M. Bleuel. The Expansion of Renewable Energies and Employment Effects in Germany[J]. Energy Policy,2006,34:3484-3494.
3 Lehr, U. J. Nitsch, M. Rratzat, C. Lutz and D. Edler. Renewable Energy and Employment in Germany [J]. Energy Policy,2008,36:108-117.
4 Jacobson, A., D.M. Kammen. Engineering, Institutions, and the Public Interest:Evaluating Product Quality in the Kenyan Solar Photovoltaics Industry[J].Energy Policy,2007,35:2960-2968.
5 Stoddard, L., J. Abiecunas and R. O'Connell. In:Economic, Energy, and Environmental Benefits of Concentrating Solar Power in California. National Renewable Energy Laboratory[EB/OL].2008[2012-1-16]. http://www.nrel.gov/csp/pdfs/39291,pdf.
6 Wei, M. S. Patadia and D.I M. Kammen. Putting Renewables and Energy Efficiency to Work:How Many Jobs Can the Clean Energy Industry Generate in the US[J]? Energy Policy,2010,38:919-931.
7 Blanco, M. I. and G Rodrigues. Direct Employment in the Wind Energy Sector:An EU Study[J]. Energy Policy, 2009.37:2847-2857.
8 Consulting, M. Wind, Oil and Gas:The Potential of Wind[J].2006.
9 European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Wind at Work:Wind Energy and Job Creation in the EU[EB/OL]. The European Wind Energy Association,2009. http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/Wind_at_work_FINAL.pdf
10 Kenley, C.R., R.D. Klinger, C. M. Plowman, R. Soto.R.J. Turk, R. L. Baker, S.A. Close, V.L. McDonnell, S.W. Paul, L.R. Rabideau, S.S.Rao and B.P. Reilly. U.S. Job Creation Due to Nuclear Power Resurgence in the United States[EB/OL]. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and Bechtel BWXT Idaho, LLC. vols.1 and 2,2004[2012-1-26]. http://www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/200411_JobCreation_VI.pdf.
11 Berndes, G and J. Hansson. Bioenergy Expansion in the EU:Cost-Effective Climate Change Mitigation, Employment Creation and Reduced Dependency on Imported Fuels[J]. Energy Policy,2007,35:5965-5979.
1 Newell, R.G. A U.S. Innovation Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation [EB/OL]. The Hamilton Project's Original Strategy Paper,2008 [2012-1-27] http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2008/12_climate_change_newell.aspx.
2 Skip, L., S. Bernow and J. Decicco. Employment and other Macroeconomic Benefits of an Innovation-Led Climate Strategy for the United States. Energy policy,1998,5:425-432.
3 Morgenstern, R.D., W. A. P. and J.S. Shih. The Cost of Environmental Protection [J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics,2001,83(4):732-738.
4 Morgenstern, R. D., W. A. Pizer. Jobs versus the Environment:An Industry-level Perspective [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2002,43(3):412-436.
5 Miozzo, M., P. Dewick and K. Green. Globalisation and the Environment:the Long-Term Effects of Technology on The International Division of Labour and Energy Demand[J]. Futures 2005,37:521-546.
6 Friedmann, J. Carbon Capture and Storage Job Impacts[J]. Personal Communication,13 February 2009.
Chakrabarti, S., N. Mitra. Economic and Environmental Impacts of Pollution Control Regulation on Small Industries:a Case Study [J]. Ecological Economics,2005,54:53-66.
8 Merikull, J. The Impact of Innovation on Employment [J]. Eastern European Economics,2010,48(2):25-38.
9 Evangelista, R., and M. Savona. Innovation, Employment, and Skills in Services:Firm and Sectoral Evidence[J].Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,2003,14(4):449-474.
10 Greenan, N. and D. Guellec. Technological Innovation and Employment Reallocation [J]. Labor,2001,14(4): 547-590.
11 Harris, J. R. and M. P. Todaro. Migration, Unemployment and Development:A Two-sector Analysis [J]. American Economic Review,1970,60:126-142.
12 Dean, J. M. and S. Gangopadhyay. Export Bans, Environmental Protection, and Unemployment [J]. Review of Development Economics,1997,1:324-36.
13 Chao, C.C., J. R. Kerkvliet, and Eden S. H. Yu. Environmental Preservation, Sectoral Unemployment, and Trade in Resources[J]. Review of Development Economics,2000,4:39-50.
1 Daitoh, I. Environmental Protection and Urban Unemployment:Environmental Policy Reform in a Polluted Dualistic Economy[J]. Review of Development Economics,2003,7:496-509.
2 Daitoh, I. Environmental Protection and Trade Liberalization in a Small Open Dual Economy [J]. Review of Development Economics,2008,12:728-36.
3 Daitoh, I. and M. Omote. The Optimal Environmental Tax and Urban Unemployment in an Open Economy[J]. Review of Development Economics,2011,15(1):168-179.
4 Beladi, H. and C.C. Chao. Environmental Policy, Comparative Advantage, and Welfare for a Developing Country [J]. Environment and Development Economics,2006,11:559-68.
5 Rapanos,V.T. Environmental Taxation in a Dualistic Economy [J]. Environment and Development Economics, 2007,12:73-89.
6 Hirofumi F. Unemployment, Trans-Boundary Pollution, and Environmental Policy in a Dualistic Economy[J]. RURDS,2007,19(2).
7 Tsakiris, N., P. Hatzipanayotou and M. S. Michael. Pollution, Capital Mobility and Tax Policies with Unemployment [J]. Review of Development Economics,2008,12:223-36.
8 Lewis D.A., J.L. Hunt and A. J.Plangtinga. Public Conservation Land and Employment Growth in the Northern Forest Region [J]. Land Economics,2002,78 (2):245-259.
9 Kunce, M. and J. F. Shogren. (2007)Destructive interjurisdictional Competition:Firm, Capital and Labor Mobility in a Model of Direct Emission Control [J]. Ecological Economics.60,543-549.
10 Daitoh, I. Environmental Protection and Urban Unemployment:Environmental Policy Reform in a Polluted Dualistic Economy[J]. Review of Development Economics,2003,7(3):496-509.
11 McNeill, J.M. and J. B. Williams. The Employment Effects of Sustainable Development Policies [J]. Ecological Economics,2007,64:216-223.
1 李启平.低碳农业职业需求地农村就业的影响分析[C].低碳农业与湖南经济发展论坛论文集,2010：237-240.
2 李启平.经济低碳化对中国就业的影响及政策因应[J].宏观经济,2010,1：39-44.
3 李睿渊,李炯.论低碳时代就业增长挑战与机遇[J].经济论坛,2010,8：27-31.
Zhou Delu. Policy variables affecting marginal level of low carbon employment:an empirical study based on provincial data of China [J].Ecological Economy,2010,6:21-30.
5 陈媛媛.行业管制对就业影响的经验研究：基于25个工业行业的实证分析[J].当代经济科学,2011,5：67-73.
6 张剑英,陈桂东,孟建东.碳税对中国经济和就业的影响[J].经济纵横,2011,10：39-41.
7 毛雁冰、薛文骏.中国能源强度变动的就业效应研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,9：142-148.
8 徐培英.中国发展低碳经济还要充分考虑就业[EB/OL].经济参考报,2009[2012-1-28].http://news.qq.com/a/20090923/001254.htm.
9 胡宗义.低碳经济的动态CGE研究[J].科学学研究,2010,10：1470-1475.
10 李元龙.能源环境政策的增长、就业和减排效应：基于CGE模型的研究[D].浙江大学博士论文,2011.
1 潘家华,郑艳,张安华,柯水发.低碳发展对中国就业影响的初步研究[EB/OL].2009,[2012-1-27].http://www.china.com.cn/international/txt/2009-12/11/content 19050870.htm.
2 杨晶,田芳.低碳经济时代节能减排政策对中国就业的影响研究[J].江西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2011,6：88-95.
3 胡绍雨.环境税“双重红利”在中国的实证检验[J].中国物价,2011,1：71-75.
4 陆旸.中国的绿色政策与就业：存在双重红利吗[J]?经济研究,2011,7：42-54.
5 人力资源和社会保障部劳动科学研究所课题组.中国绿色就业研究[J].经济研究参考,2010,33：31-33.
6 中国社科院城市与环境研究所课题组.中国低碳与绿色就业研究[R].2010.
7 杨伟国,叶曼.绿色就业的测量和容量[J].新视野,2010,4：20-24.
1 李晓春.劳动力转移和工业污染—在现行户籍制度下手经济分析[J].管理世界,2005,6：27-33.
2 隐含流表示在产品生产或者服务提供过程中所直接消耗和间接消耗的能源和环境资源的总量。
3 陈红敏.中国对外贸易的能源环境影响--基于隐含流的研究[D].复旦大学博士论文，2009.
4 吕振东,郭菊娥,席酉民.中国能源CES生产函数的计量估算及选择[J].中国人口资源与环境,2009,4,156-160.
5 D. McEvoy, D.C. Gibbs and J.W.S. Longhurst. The Employment Implications of a Low-Carbon Economy [J]. Sustainable Development,2000,8:27-38.
6 Peter Berck and Sandra Hoffmann. Assessing the Employment Impacts of Environmental and Natural Resource Policy[J]. Environmental and Resource Economics,2002,22:133-156.
7 Wei, M., S. Patadia and D.M. Kammen. Putting Renewables and Energy Efficiency to Work:How Many Jobs Can the Clean Energy Industry Generate in the US [J]? Energy Policy,2010,38:919-931.
1 Our Energy Future:Creating a Low Carbon Economy[EB/OL]. [2011-12-27] http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file 10719.pdf.
2 庄贵阳.低碳经济：气候变化背景下中国的发展之路[M].北京：气象出版社,2007：7.
1 Boulding, K. E.. The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. In Jarrett, H. (ed.), Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy[M]. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1966:3-14.
2 “牧童经济”是英国著名的经济学家博尔丁提出的,主要是指现代西方的资本主义经济模式,特点就是大量地、迅速地消耗自然资源,把地球看成取之不尽的资源库进行无限度的索取,同时,造成废物大量累积,使环境污染日益严重,好比牧童在放牧时,只管放牧而不顾草原的破坏。
3 “宇宙飞船经济”是博尔丁提出的另一种经济模式,我们的地球只是茫茫太空中一艘小小的宇宙飞船,人口和经济的无序增长迟早会使船内有限的资源耗尽,而生产和消费过程中排出的废料将使飞船污染,毒害船内的乘客,此时飞船会坠落,社会随之崩溃。为了避免悲剧,人类必须按照生态学原理建造一个可持续再生产的、不产生污染的封闭的生态循环经济体系。
1 Pearce, D., A. Markandya and E.B. Barbier. Blueprint for a Green Economy [M]. London:Earthscan,1989.
2 Rees, W.E. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity:what urban economics leaves out[J]. Environment and Urbanisation,1992,4(2):121-130.
3 刑继俊,黄栋,赵刚.低碳经济报告[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2010；34.
1 Zhuang, Guiyang. How Will China Move Towards Becoming a Low Carbon Economy [J]. China& World Economy,2005(3).
1 Sovacool, B.K. Valuing the greenhouse Gas Emissions From Nuclear Power:A Critical Survey [J]. Energy Policy, 36,2008:2950.
2 徐玖平,卢毅.低碳经济引论[M].北京,科学出版社,2011：114-115.
1 一般是指从空气中清除二氧化碳的过程、活动、机制。
1 杨河清.劳动经济学.北京：中国人民大学出版社.2002：272.
1 McConnell, C.R., S.L.Brue and D.A. Macpherson. Contemporary Labor Economics [M], McGraw Hill Education, 2002.51-52.
1 McConnell, C.R., S.L.Brue and D.A. Macpherson. Contemporary Labor Economics [M], McGraw Hill Education, 2002.127-151.
2 International Labour Organization. Resolution Concerning Statistics of the Economically Active Population, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, Adopted by The Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (October 1982); See Page 4; Accessed November 26, 2007(PDF).http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf.
1 王庆丰.中国产业结构与就业结构协调发展研究述评[J].华东经济管理,2010(7)：146-147.
1 Daitoh, I. Environmental Protection and Urban Unemployment:Environmental Policy Reform in a Polluted Dualistic Economy [J]. Review of Development Economics,2003,7(3):496-509.
2 Markusen, J.R., E.R. Morey, and N.D. Olewiler. Environmental policy when market structure and plant locations are endogenous[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1993,24:69-86.
3 Antweiler, W., B. Copeland, and M.S. Taylor. Is Free Trade Good for the Environment [J]? American Economic Review,2001,91:877-908.
4 Xing, Y, and C. D. Kolstad. Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Investment [J]? Environmental and Resource Economics,2002,21:1-22.
5 Matthews, T.L. The Enduring Conflict of "Jobs Versus the Environment":Local Pollution Havens as an Integrative Empirical Measure of Economy Versus Environment [J]. Sociological Spectrum,2011,31:59-85.
6 Xing, Y., and C. D. Kolstad. Environment and trade:a review of theory and issues [Z]. working paper,1996.
'Levinson, A. Environmental Regulations and Industry Location:International and Domestic Evidence. Fair Trade and Harmonization[M]. London:MIT Press,1996:1.
8 Keller, W., and A. Levinson. Environmental Compliance Costs and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to U.S. states[Z]. NBER Working Paper No.7369.1999.
9 Co, C., and J. List. The Effects of Environmental Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2000,40:1-20.
10 Eskeland, G, and A. Harrison. Moving to Greener Pastures? Multinationals and the Pollution Haven HypothesisfJ]. Journal of Development Economics,2003,70:1-23.
1 List, J. A., W. W, McHone, and D.L. Millimet. Effects of environmental regulation on foreign and domestic plant births:is there a home field advantage? [J] Journal of Urban Economics,2004,56:303-326.
2 Zhao, L.x., Z.H. Yu, and Y. Onuma. A theory of mutual migration of polluting firms[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics,2005,38(3):900-918.
3 Cole, M.A. and R.J.R. Elliott. FDI and the Capital Intensity of "Dirty" Sectors:A Missing Piece of the Pollution Haven Puzzle[J]. Review of Development Economics,2005,9(4):530-548.
1 Henderson, V.J. Effects of Air Quality Regulation [J]. American Economic Review,1996,86(4):789-813.
2 Johnson, F. R., and W.H. Desvousges. Estimating Stated Preferences with Rated-Pair Data:Environmental, Health, and Employment Effects of Energy Programs[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1997.34:79-99.
3 Markandya, A. Employment and Environmental Protection:The Trade-Offs in an Economy in Transition[J]. Environmental and Resource Economics,2000,15:297-322.
4 Gangadharan, L., and M.R. Vaienzuela. Interrelationships between income, health and the environment:extending the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis[J]. Ecological Economics,2001,36:513-531.
5 Jennifer Chung-I Li. Including Health Feedback In Assessing Costs And Benefits Of Greenhouse Gas Mitigating Policies[D]. Doctorial Dissertation.2003.
1 排他性指只有对商品支付价格才可以使用该商品,竞争性指如果某人已经使用了某个商品,其他人就不能再使用该商品。既不具备排他性又不具备竞争性的物品被称为公共物品。
1 McConnell, C.R., S.L.Brue, and D. A. Macpherson. Contemporary Labor Economics, McGraw Hill Educatian, 2002:396-397.
1 温宗国.当代中国的环境政策：形成、特点与趋势[M].北京,中国环境科学出版社,2010：88-40.
1 迈克尔·E·波特.杨世伟等译.2007-2008年全球竞争力报告[M].经济管理出版社,2009：162-163.
2 数据来源：国家统计局.国际统计年鉴[M].2008.
3 数据来源：国家统计局.中国统计摘要.2009：193.
1 庞景安,王炼,曹燕,于洁.我国大中型工业企业技术创新能力定量化研究[J].科技管理研究.2008.6：358-362.
2 汪方胜,蒋馥.我国产业技术创新能力的若干思考[J]商业研究.2005.1：85-87.
3 数据来源：2008年国际统计年鉴.
4 2008年中国科技论文统计分析,科学技术部发展计划司,2009年12月15日http://www.sts.org.cn/tjbg/cgylw/documents/2009/09122101.htm
5 2008年我国专利统计分析,科学技术部发展计划司,2009年12月7日http://www.sts.org.cn/tjbg/cgylw/documents/2009/09122101.htm
1 白天亮.三部门联合发出通知“五缓四减三补贴”延长一年[N].人民日报,2009-12-26.
1 Chenery, H., and M. Sycqquim. Pattern of Development.(1950-1970)[M]. London:Oxford University Press,1975.
1 吴晓刚主编,William D. Berry等著.线性回归分析基础[M].上海：格致出版社：上海人民出版社,2011.7：285-294
1 Wright, S. Correlation and causation. Agricultural Research[J].1921, (20):557-585.
1 孙桂娟,殷晓彦,孙相云,杨锐,孙少叶,王莹.低碳经济概论[M].济南：山东人民出版社.2010：87-88.
1 The Case for Green Fiscal Reform. Final Report of the UK Green Fiscal Commission. [2012-9-28]. http://www.greenfiscalcommission.org.uk/images/uploads/GFC_FinalReport.pdf.
2 Climate Change Levy. [2012-09-28]. http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/emissions/ccas/cc_levy/cc_levy.aspx.
3 Bird, J., and K. Lawton. The Future's Green:Jobs and the UK lowcarbon transition. [2012.09.27]. http://www.swslim.org.uk/documents/themes/lt18-resource54.pdf.
4 U.S. Global Change Research Program. [2012-09-28]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program.
5 何建坤.低碳发展一应对气候变化的必由之路[M].北京：学苑出版社,2011：207.
1 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. [2012-9-28] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009.
2 Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. [2012-9-28]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization, and_Job_Creation Act of 2010.
3 Rural Development Energy Programs.2012.9.12 [2012-9-28] http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/energy.html.
4 American Agriculture Supports 16 Million Jobs.2012.2.17 [2012-9-28]. http://www.stabenow.senate.gov/?p=press release&id=251.
5 新能源与低碳行动课题组.低碳经济与农业发展思考[M].北京：中国时代经济出版社.2011：165.
[1]白天亮.三部门联合发出通知“五缓四减三补贴”延长一年[N].人民日报,2009-12-26.
[2]陈红敏.中国对外贸易的能源环境影响--基于隐含流的研究[D].复旦大学博士论文,2009.
[3]陈媛媛.行业管制对就业影响的经验研究：基于25个工业行业的实证分析[J].当代经济科学,2011,5：67-73.
[4]D·麦凯维,D.C·吉布斯,J·W·S·朗赫斯特.低碳经济与就业问题的关系研究[J].城市观察,2010,2：95-104.
[5]高初建.应对气候变化中国当做赢家[EB/OL].2009-9-24[2013-4-9].http://intl.ce.cn/zgysj/200909/24/t20090924_20086594.shtml.
[6]国家统计局.国际统计年鉴[M].2008.
[7]何建坤.低碳发展—应对气候变化的必由之路[M].北京：学苑出版社,2011：207.
[8]何姣.中国成为最大二氧化碳排放国[EB/OL].2007-6-21[2013.-4-18].http://news.sciencenet.cn/html/showsbnews1.aspx?id=182628.
[9]胡绍雨.环境税“双重红利”在中国的实证检验[J].中国物价,2011,1：71-75.
[10]胡宗义.低碳经济的动态CGE研究[J].科学学研究,2010,10：1470-1475.
[11]李克国主编.低碳经济概论.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2011：2.
[12]李启平.低碳农业职业需求地农村就业的影响分析[C].低碳农业与湖南经济发展论坛论文集,2010：237-240.
[13]李启平.经济低碳化对中国就业的影响及政策因应[J].宏观经济,2010,1：39-44.
[14]李睿渊,李炯.论低碳时代就业增长挑战与机遇[J].经济论坛,2010,8：27-31.
[15]李晓春.劳动力转移和工业污染—在现行户籍制度下手经济分析[J].管理世界,2005,6：27-33.
[16]李元龙.能源环境政策的增长、就业和减排效应：基于CGE模型的研究[D].浙江大学博士论文,2011.
[17]陆旸.中国的绿色政策与就业：存在双重红利吗[J]?经济研究,2011,7：42-54.
[18]吕振东,郭菊娥,席酉民.中国能源CES生产函数的计量估算及选择[J].中国人口资源与环境,2009,4,156-160.
[19]迈克尔·E·波特.杨世伟等译.2007-2008年全球竞争力报告[M].经济管理出版社,2009：162-163.
[20]毛雁冰、薛文骏.中国能源强度变动的就业效应研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,9：142-148.
[21]潘家华,郑艳,张安华,柯水发.低碳发展对中国就业影响的初步研究[EB/OL].2009,[2012-1-27].http://www.china.com.cn/international/txt/2009-12/11/content_19050870.htm.
[22]庞景安,王炼,曹燕,于洁.我国大中型工业企业技术创新能力定量化研究[J].科技管理研究.2008.6：358-362.
[23]人力资源和社会保障部劳动科学研究所课题组.中国绿色就业研究[J].经济研究参考,2010,33：31-33.
[24]孙桂娟,殷晓彦,孙相云,杨锐,孙少叶,王莹.低碳经济概论[M].济南：山东人民出版社.2010：87-88.
[25]谭永生.经济低碳化对中长期就业的影响及对策研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,12：76-80.
[26]汪方胜,蒋馥.我国产业技术创新能力的若干思考[J].商业研究.2005,1：85-87.
[27]王庆丰.中国产业结构与就业结构协调发展研究述评[J].华东经济管理,2010(7)：146-147.
[28]温宗国.当代中国的环境政策：形成、特点与趋势[M].北京,中国环境科学出版社,2010：88-40.
[29]吴晓刚主编,William D. Berry等著.线性回归分析基础[M].上海：格致出版社：上海人民出版社,2011.7：285-294.
[30]新能源与低碳行动课题组.低碳经济与农业发展思考[M].北京：中国时代经济出版社.2011：165.
[31]刑继俊,黄栋,赵刚.低碳经济报告[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2010；34.
[32]徐玖平,卢毅.低碳经济引论[M].北京,科学出版社,2011：114-115.
[33]徐培英.中国发展低碳经济还要充分考虑就业[EB/OL].经济参考报,2009[2012-1-28].http://news.qq.com/a/20090923/001254.htm.
[34]杨河清.劳动经济学.北京：中国人民大学出版社.2002：272.
[35]杨晶,田芳.低碳经济时代节能减排政策对中国就业的影响研究[J].江西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2011,6：88-95.
[36]杨伟国,叶曼.绿色就业的测量和容量[J].新视野,2010,4：20-24.
[37]张剑英,陈桂东,孟建东.碳税对中国经济和就业的影响[J].经济纵横,2011.10：39-41.
[38]中国国家统计局.2012年国际统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2012.
[39]中国国家统计局.2012年中国环境统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2012.
[40]中国国家统计局.2012年中国劳动统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2012.
[41]中国国家统计局.2012年中国能源统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2012.
[42]中国国家统计局.2012中国统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2012.
[43]中国社科院城市与环境研究所课题组.中国低碳与绿色就业研究[R].2010.
[44]庄贵阳.低碳经济：气候变化背景下中国的发展之路[M].北京：气象出版社,2007：7.
[45]张金英,石美遐.约束型低碳经济政策手段就业效应的地区差异[J].经济评论,2013,(3)：118-125.
[46]Ackerman, F. Why Do We Recycle [M]? Washington, DC:Island Press.1997.
[47]Akarca, A. T. and R. V. Long. On the Relationship between Energy and GNP:A Reexamination [J]. Journal of Energy and Development,1980,5:326-31.
[48]Akarca, A. T. and T. V. Long. Energy and Employment:A Time-Series Analysis of the Causal Relationship [J]. Resources and Energy,1979,2:151-62.
[49]American Agriculture Supports 16 Million Jobs.2012.2.17 [2012-9-28].http://www.stabenow.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=251.
[50]American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. [2012-9-28] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009.
[51]Antweiler, W., B. Copeland, and M.S. Taylor. Is free Trade Good For the Environment [J]? American Economic Review,2001,91:877-908.
[52]Beladi, H. and C.C. Chao. Environmental Policy, Comparative Advantage, and Welfare for a Developing Country [J]. Environment and Development Economics,2006,11:559-68.
[53]Berman, Eli and L. T. Bui. Environmental Regulation and Labor Demand:Evidence from the South Coast Air Basin [J]. Journal of Public Economics,2001,79(2):265-295.
[54]Berndes, G. and J. Hansson. Bioenergy expansion In the EU:Cost-Effective Climate Change Mitigation, Employment Creation and Reduced Dependency on Imported Fuels [J]. Energy Policy,2007,35:5965-5979.
[55]Bezdek, R. H. The Net Impact of Environmental Protection on Jobs and the Economy [M]. In Environmental Justice, ed. B. Bryant, Washington, DC:Island Press.1995:86-106.
[56]Bezdek, R. H., R. M. Wendling and P. DiPerna. Environmental Protection, the Economy, and Jobs:National and Regional Analyses [J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2008,86(1): 63-79.
[57]Bird, J., and K. Lawton. The Future's Green:Jobs and the UK lowcarbon Transition. [2012.09.27]. http://www.swslim.org.uk/documents/themes/lt18-resource54.pdf.
[58]Blanco, M. I. and G. Rodrigues. Direct Employment in The Wind Energy Sector:An EU Study [J]. Energy Policy,2009,37:2847-2857.
[59]Bossier, F. and T. A. Brechet. Fiscal Reform for Increasing Employment and Mitigating CO2 Emissions in Europe. Energy Policy [J].1995,23(9):789-798.
[60]Boulding, K. E. The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. In Jarrett, H. (ed.), Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy [M]. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966:3-14.
[61]Bovenberg, A. L.. Tax Reform, Structural Unemployment and the Environment [J]. Scand. J. Economics,1998 100(3):593-610.
[62]Bovenberg, A.L. and F. van der Ploeg. Environmental policy, public finance and the labour market in a second-best world [J]. Journal of Public Economics,1994,55:349-390.
[63]Bovenberg, A.L. and F. van der Ploeg. Optimal Taxation, Public Goods and Environmental Policy with Involuntary Unemployment [J]. Journal of Public Economics,1996,62:59-83.
[64]Brunello, G. Labour Market Institutions and the Double Dividend Hypothesis. In Carraro, C. And Siniscalco, D. (Eds.), Environmental Fiscal Reform and Unemployment [M]. Dordrecht: Klower Academic Publishers,1996.
[65]Burniaux, J.M., J.P. Martin, G. Nicoletti, and J. Oliveira-Martins. GREEN—A Multi-Sector, Multi-Region General Equilibrium Model for Quantifying the Costs of Curbing CO2 Emissions; A Technical Manual [R]. OECD Working Paper No.116,1992.
[66]Carraro, C., M. Galeotti and M. Gallo. Environmental Taxation and Unemployment:Some Evidence on the Double Dividend Hypothesis In Europe [J]. Journal of Public Economics,1996, 62:141-81.
[67]Chakrabarti, S., N. Mitra. Economic and environmental Impacts of Pollution Control Regulation on Small Industries:A Case Study [J]. Ecological Economics,2005,54:53-66.
[68]Chao, C.C., J. R. Kerkvliet, and Eden S. H. Yu. Environmental Preservation, Sectoral Unemployment, and Trade in Resources [J]. Review of Development Economics,2000,4:39-50.
[69]Chenery, H., and M. Sycqquim. Pattern of Development. (1950-1970)[M]. London:Oxford University Press,1975.
[70]Climate Change Levy. [2012-09-28]. http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/emissions/ccas/cc_levy/cc_levy.aspx.
[71]Co, C, and J. List. The effects Of Environmental Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2000,40:1-20.
[72]Cole, M.A. and R.J.R. Elliott. FDI and the Capital Intensity of "Dirty" Sectors:A Missing Piece of the Pollution Haven Puzzle [J]. Review of Development Economics,2005,9(4):530-548.
[73]Consulting, M. Wind, Oil and Gas:The Potential of Wind [J].2006.
[74]Crowley, K. Jobs and Environment:The'Double Dividend'Of Ecological Modernization [J]? International Journal of Social Economics,1999,26:1013-1026.
[75]D. McEvoy, D.C. Gibbs and J.W.S. Longhurst. The Employment Implications of A Low-Carbon Economy [J]. Sustainable Development,2000,8:27-38.
[76]Daitoh, I. and M. Omote. The Optimal Environmental Tax and Urban Unemployment in an Open Economy [J]. Review of Development Economics,2011,15(1):168-179.
[77]Daitoh, I. Environmental Protection and Trade Liberalization in a Small Open Dual Economy [J]. Review of Development Economics,2008,12:728-36.
[78]Daitoh, I. Environmental Protection and Urban Unemployment:Environmental Policy Reform in a Polluted Dualistic Economy [J]. Review of Development Economics,2003,7(3):496-509.
[79]Daitoh, I. Environmental Protection and Urban Unemployment:Environmental Policy Reform in a Polluted Dualistic Economy [J]. Review of Development Economics,2003,7:496-509.
[80]Daitoh, I. Environmental Protection and Urban Unemployment:Environmental Policy Reform in a Polluted Dualistic Economy [J]. Review of Development Economics,2003,7(3):496-509.
[81]Dean, J. M. and S. Gangopadhyay. Export Bans, Environmental Protection, and Unemployment [J]. Review of Development Economics,1997,1:324-36.
[82]Deschenes, O. Climate Policy and Labor Markets [EB/OL]. Working Paper 16111, 2010[2012-1-16]. http://www.nber.org/papers/w16111.
[83]Erol, U. and E. S. H.Yu. Spectral Analysis of the Relationship between Energy Consumption, Employment And Business Cycles [J]. Resources and Energy,1989,11:395-412.
[84]Eskeland, G., and A. Harrison. Moving to Greener Pastures? Multinationals and the pollution Haven Hypothesis [J]. Journal of Development Economics,2003,70:1-23.
[85]European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Wind at Work:Wind Energy and Job Creation in the EU [EB/OL]. The European Wind Energy Association,2009. http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/Wind_at_work_FINA L.pdf
[86]Evangelista, R., and M. Savona. Innovation, Employment, and Skills in Services:Firm and Sectoral Evidence [J].Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,2003,14(4):449-474.
[87]Friedmann, J. Carbon Capture and Storage Job Impacts [J]. Personal communication,13 February 2009.
[88]Gangadharan, L., and M.R. Valenzuela. Interrelationships between income, Health and the Environment:Extending the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis [J]. Ecological Economics,2001,36:513-531.
[89]Goodstein, E. Jobs and the Environment:the Myth of a National Trade-Off [R]. Washington: Economic Policy Institute.1994.
[90]Goodstein, E. The Trade-off Myth:Fact and Fiction about Jobs and the Environment [M]. Washington, DC:Island Press.1999.
[91]Greenan, N. and D. Guellec. Technological Innovation and Employment Reallocation [J]. Labor, 2001,14(4):547-590.
[92]Hall, B. Gold and Green:Can We Have Good Jobs and a Healthy Environment. Durham[R].NC: Institute for Southern Studies.1994.
[93]Hamermesh, D. (1993):Labor Demand [M] Princeton NJ:Princeton University Press,2010.
[94]Harris, J. R. and M. P. Todaro. Migration, Unemployment and Development:A Two-sector Analysis [J]. American Economic Review,1970,60:126-142.
[95]Henderson, V.J. Effects of Air Quality Regulation [J]. American Economic Review,1996, 86(4):789-813.
[96]Hillebrand, B., H. G. Buttermann, J. M. Behringer and M. Bleuel. The expansion of Renewable Energies and Employment Effects in Germany [J]. Energy Policy,2006,34:3484-3494.
[97]Hinterberger, F., I. Omann and A. Stocker. Employment and Environment in a Sustainable Europe [J]. Empirica,2002,29:113-130.
[98]Hirofumi F. Unemployment, Trans-Boundary Pollution, and Environmental Policy in a Dualistic Economy [J]. RURDS,2007,19(2).
[99]Hogarth, M. Howard Hails New $1.25bn Era for the Environment [J]. Sydney Morning Herald, 1997,23.
[100]Holst, D. R., F. Kahrl, UC Berkeley. An Economic Assessment of the American Clean Energy and Security Act and the Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act [EB/OL]. University of California,2009 [2011-12-27]. http://are.berkeley.edu/-dwrh/CERES_Web/Docs/ES_DRHFK091025.pdf.
[101]International Labour Organization. Resolution concerning Statistics of the Economically Active Population, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, Adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (October 1982); see page 4; accessed November 26,2007(PDF).http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf.
[102]Jacobson, A., D.M. Kammen. Engineering, institutions, And the Public Interest:Evaluating Product Quality in the Kenyan Solar Photovoltaics Industry [J].Energy Policy,2007, 35:2960-2968.
[103]Jennifer Chung-I Li. Including Health Feedback in Assessing Costs and Benefits Of Greenhouse Gas Mitigating Policies [D]. Doctorial Dissertation.2003.
[104]Johnson, F. R., and W.H. Desvousges. Estimating Stated Preferences with Rated-Pair Data: Environmental, Health, and Employment Effects of Energy Programs [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1997,34:79-99.
[105]Keller, W., and A. Levinson. Environmental compliance Costs and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to U.S. States [Z]. NBER Working Paper No.7369.1999.
[106]Kenley, C.R., R.D. Klinger, C. M. Plowman, R. Soto,R.J. Turk, R. L. Baker, S.A. Close, V.L. McDonnell, S.W. Paul, L.R. Rabideau, S.S.Rao and B.P. Reilly. U.S. Job Creation Due to Nuclear Power Resurgence in the United States [EB/OL]. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and Bechtel BWXT Idaho, LLC. vols.1 and 2,2004[2012-1-26]. http://www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/20041 1_JobCreation_VI.pdf.
[107]Kraft, J. and A. Kraft. On the Relationship between Energy and GNP [J]. Journal of Energy and Development,1978,3:401-3.
[108]Krause, F., F. Krause, S. J. DeCanio, J. A. Hoerner, P. Baer. Cutting Carbon Emissions at a Profit (part II):Impacts on U.S. Competitiveness and Jobs [J]. Contemporary Economic Policy, 2003,21:90-105.
[109]Kunce, M. and J. F. Shogren. (2007)Destructive Interjurisdictional Competition:Firm, Capital and Labor Mobility in a Model of Direct Emission Control [J]. Ecological Economics. 60,543-549.
[110]Lehr, U. J. Nitsch, M. Kratzat, C. Lutz and D. Edler. Renewable Energy and Employment in Germany [J]. Energy Policy,2008,36:108-117.
[111]Levinson, A. Environmental Regulations and Industry Location:International and Domestic Evidence. Fair Trade and Harmonization [M]. London:MIT Press,1996:1.
[112]Lewis D.A., J.L. Hunt and A. J.Plangtinga. Public Conservation Land and Employment Growth in the Northern Forest Region [J]. Land Economics,2002,78 (2):245-259.
[113]List, J. A., W. W, McHone, and D.L. Millimet. Effects of Environmental Regulation on Foreign and Domestic Plant Births:Is There A Home Field Advantage? [J] Journal of Urban Economics, 2004,56:303-326.
[114]Manne, A.S. and G.R. Richels. Buying Greenhouse Insurance—the Economic Costs of CO2 Emission Limits [M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1992.
[115]Markandya, A. Employment and Environmental Protection:The Trade-Offs in an Economy in Transition[J]. Environmental and Resource Economics,2000,15:297-322.
[116]Markusen, J.R., E.R. Morey, and N.D. Olewiler. Environmental Policy When Market Structure and Plant Locations Are Endogenous [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1993,24:69-86.
[117]Marx, A. Ecological Modernization, Environmental Policy and Employment. Can Environmental Protection and Employment be Reconciled? [J]. Innovation,2010,13(3):311-325.
[118]Matthews, T.L. The Enduring Conflict of "Jobs versus the Environment":Local Pollution Havens as an Integrative Empirical Measure of Economy versus Environment [J]. Sociological Spectrum,2011,31:59-85.
[119]McConnell, C.R., S.L.Brue and D.A. Macpherson. Contemporary Labor Economics [M], McGraw Hill Education,2002.51-52,127-151.
[120]McConnell, C.R., S.L.Brue, and D. A. Macpherson. Contemporary Labor Economics, McGraw Hill Education,2002:396-397.
[121]McEvoy, D., D.C. Gibbs and J.W.S. Longhurst. The Employment Implications of A Low-Carbon Economy [J]. Sustainable Development,2000,8:27-38.
[122]McEvoy, D., D.C. Gibbs, and J.W.S. Longhurst. Longhurst. Assessing the Employment Implications of a Sustainable Energy System:a Methodological Overview [J]. Geographical& Environmental Modelling,2000,2:189-201.
[123]McEvoy, D., D.C. Gibbs, and J.W.S. Longhurst.Assessing the Employment Implications of a Sustainable Energy System:a Methodological Overview [J]. Geographical& Environmental Modelling,2000,2:189-201.
[124]McNeill, J.M. and J. B. Williams. The employment effects of sustainable development policies [J]. Ecological Economics,2007,64:216-223.
[125]Merikull, J. The Impact of Innovation on Employment [J]. Eastern European Economics,2010, 48(2):25-38.
[126]Miozzo, M., P. Dewick and K. Green. Globalisation and the Environment:The Long-Term Effects of Technology on the International Division of Labour and Energy Demand [J]. Futures 2005,37:521-546.
[127]Moreno, B. and A. J. Lopez. The effect Of Renewable Energy on Employment, The Case of Asturias (Spain) [J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2008,12:732-751.
[128]Morgenstern, R. D., W. A. Pizer. Jobs versus the Environment:An Industry-level Perspective [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2002,43 (3):412-436.
[129]Morgenstern, R.D., W. A. P. and J.S. Shih. The Cost of Environmental Protection [J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics,2001,83(4):732-738.
[130]Murray, D. A. and G. D. Nan. The energy Consumption and Employment Relationship:A Clarication [J]. Journal of Energy and Development,1992,16:121-31.
[131]Newell, R.G. A U.S. Innovation Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation [EB/OL]. The Hamilton Project's original strategy paper,2008 [2012-1-27] http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2008/12_climate_change_newell.aspx.
[132]Nielsen, S.B., L.H. Pedersen, and P.B. S(?)rensen. Environmental Policy, Pollution, Unemployment, and Endogenous Growth [J]. International Tax and Public Finance,1995,2: 185-205.
[133]Pargal, S. H. Hettige, M. Singh, and D. Wheeler. Formal and Informal Regulation of Industrial Pollution:Comparative Evidence from Indonesia and the United States [J]. The World Bank Economic Review,1997,11, (3):433-50.
[134]Pearce, D., A. Markandya and E.B. Barbier. Blueprint for a Green Economy [M]. London: Earthscan,1989.
[135]Pearce, D.W. The Role of Carbon Taxes in Adjusting to Global Wanning [J]. Economic Journal, 1991,101(407):938-948.
[136]Peter Berck and Sandra Hoffmann. Assessing the Employment Impacts of Environmental and Natural Resource Policy [J]. Environmental and Resource Economics,2002,22:133-156.
[137]Pollin, R. H. Garrett-Peltier. Building the Green Economy:Employment Effects of Green Energy Investments for Ontario [EB/OL].2009[2011-12-27]. http://assets.wwf.ca/downloads/building_the_green_economy.pdf
[138]Rapanos, V.T. Environmental Taxation in a Dualistic Economy [J]. Environment and Development Economics,2007,12:73-89.
[139]Rees, W.E. Ecological footprints And Appropriated Carrying Capacity:What Urban Economics Leaves Out [J]. Environment and Urbanisation,1992,4 (2):121-130.
[140]Renner, M. Jobs in a Sustainable Economy. Worldwatch Paper 104 [R]. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute.1991.
[141]Roland-Holst, D. Energy Efficiency, Innovation, and Job Creation in California [EB/OL]. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, UCB, UC Berkeley.2008 [2012-1-16]. http://are.berkeley.edu/-dwrh/CERES_Web/index.html.
[142]Rural Development Energy Programs.2012.9.12 [2012-9-28] http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/energy.html.
[143]Schneider, K. Involuntary Unemployment and Environmental Policy:The Double Dividend Hypothesis [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Economics,1997,99:45-59.
[144]Skip, L., S. Bernow and J. Decicco. Employment and other Macroeconomic Benefits of an Innovation-Led Climate Strategy for the United States. Energy policy,1998,5:425-432.
[145]Sovacool, B.K. Valuing the greenhouse Gas Emissions from Nuclear Power:A Critical Survey [J]. Energy Policy,36,2008:2950.
[146]Stoddard, L., J. Abiecunas and R. O'Connell. In:Economic, Energy, and Environmental Benefits of Concentrating Solar Power in California. National Renewable Energy Laboratory [EB/OL]. 2008[2012-1-16]. http://www.nrel.gov/csp/pdfs/39291.pdf.
[147]Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. [2012-9-28]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorizatio n,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010.
[148]Templet, P. H. The Positive Relationship between Jobs, the Environment, and the Economy [EB/OL].1996. [2012-1-17].www.theharbinger.org/articles/sus_dev/temp 1.html.
[149]The Case for Green Fiscal Reform. Final Report of the UK Green Fiscal Commission. [2012-9-28]. http://www.greenfiscalcommission.org.uk/images/uploads/GFC_FinalReport.pdf.
[150]Tsakiris, N., P. Hatzipanayotou and M. S. Michael. Pollution, Capital Mobility and Tax Policies with Unemployment [J]. Review of Development Economics,2008,12:223-36.
[151]U.S. Global Change Research Program. [2012-09-28]. http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/U.S.Global_Change_Research_Program.
[152]Von Weizacker, E. U. and J. Jesinghaus. Ecological Tax reform:A Policy Proposal for Sustainable Development [M]. London:Zed Press.1992.
[153]Wei, M. S. Patadia and D. M. Kammen. Putting Renewables And Energy Efficiency To Work: How Many Jobs Can The Clean Energy Industry Generate in the US [J]? Energy Policy,2010, 38:919-931.
[154]Wei, M. S. Patadia and D.I M. Kammen. Putting Renewables and Energy Efficiency to Work: How Many Jobs Can the Clean Energy Industry Generate in the US [J]? Energy Policy,2010,38: 919-931.
[155]Wright, S. Correlation and causation. Agricultural Research [J].1921, (20):557-585.
[156]Xing, Y, and C. D. Kolstad. Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Investment [J]? Environmental and Resource Economics,2002,21:1-22.
[157]Xing, Y., and C. D. Kolstad. Environment and trade:A Review of Theory and Issues [Z]. Working Paper,1996.
[158]Yu, E. S. H. and J. C. Jin. Cointegration tests Of Energy Consumption, Income and Employment [J]. Resources and Energy,1992,14:259-66.
[159]Yu, E. S. H., Chow, P. C. Y. and Choi, J. Y. The causal Relationship between Energy and Employment:An Reexamination [J]. Energy System and Policy,1987/1988,11:287-95.
[160]Zhao, L.x., Z.H. Yu, and Y. Onuma. A Theory of Mutual Migration of Polluting Firms [J]. Canadian Journal of Economics,2005,38(3):900-918.
[161]Zhou Delu. Policy variables affecting marginal level of low carbon employment:an empirical study based on provincial data of China [J].Ecological Economy,2010,6:21-30.
[162]Zhuang, Guiyang. How Will China Move Towards becoming a Low Carbon Economy [J]. China & World Economy,2005(3).
