麻黄多糖治疗自身免疫性甲状腺炎的实验研究
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摘要
目的根据导师许芝银教授数十年运用麻黄对自身免疫性甲状腺炎的临床经验和实验研究,麻黄及其制剂对本病有较好疗效,但因其毒性限制其用量并影响其疗效,多糖的免疫作用以及麻黄多糖的免疫作用及其较小毒副作用已越来越被临床认识和研究。本实验拟从麻黄中提取麻黄多糖;运用现代医学的理论和实验方法,观察对正常小鼠免疫功能影响和有效剂量;并在制作小鼠实验性自身免疫性甲状腺炎(EAT)模型的基础上,观察麻黄多糖对EAT小鼠在甲状腺激素、自身抗体、外周血淋巴细胞亚群分析、甲状腺组织病理形态及甲状腺组织Fas\Fasl、Bcl-2、Bax和VEGF蛋白的表达等方面的影响及作用机制,并与强的松、甲状腺素片进行对比。为临床应用麻黄提供充分的理论和准确的实验数据,确定其免疫作用有效部位,提高临床疗效及减少其毒副作用,并希望为开发出新的中药免疫抑制剂提供实验依据。
     方法取干燥草麻黄4.0kg进行水提、浓缩、醇沉(醇回流)、去蛋白、干燥、粉碎等处理得到麻黄多糖128g。
     取ICR小鼠40只,雌雄各半,随机分为:正常对照组;麻黄多糖小剂量组,33mg/kg;麻黄多糖中剂量组,66 mg/kg;麻黄多糖大剂量组,132 mg/kg。各组按0.2ml/10g灌胃,连续给药8d。各组于给药2次后腹腔内注射绵羊红细胞悬液0.2ml/鼠。于末次给药1h后,眼眶取血,血清比色法测半数溶血值(HC_(50))。
     雌性ICR小鼠60只,随机分组实验。造模小鼠以2mg/ml纯化小鼠甲状腺球蛋白(TG)抗原与完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)等剂量混合,充分混合后制成油包水乳剂,对小鼠进行多部位免疫注射,注射佐剂抗原0.2ml(每次100ugTG),每周一次,共注射5次,正常组注射生理盐水。正常组自由饮蒸馏水,其它各组小鼠饮用高碘水(1升水中加入0.64克碘化钾配制而成)。各组均灌胃给药,给药体积为0.2ml/10g:甲状腺片组13.3mg/kg;强的松组10mg/kg;麻黄多糖小剂量组33mg/kg;麻黄多糖大剂量组66mg/kg;正常组、模型组:给予等容量蒸馏水。连续每日给药1次。第六周禁食24小时后称重、摘眼球取血、处死、取脏器。
     采用放射免疫法检测TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4、TSH、TGAb和TMAb;流式细胞术检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群;甲状腺组织作常规苏木素一伊红染色;二步法免疫组化检测甲状腺组织Fas\Fasl、Bcl-2、Bax和VEGF蛋白的表达。
     结果
     1.实验用草麻黄经过水提、醇沉(醇回流)、去蛋白等处理提取得到麻黄多糖(棕色结晶)。干燥、粉碎处理得到麻黄多糖128g(得率为3.2%)。
     2.实验显示麻黄多糖33mg/kg、66mg/kg、132mg/kg剂量组,均能使绵羊红细胞所致小鼠的半数溶血质(HC_(50))下降(与正常组比较P<0.01)。
     3.模型组小鼠血清中高滴度甲状腺自身抗体TGAb、TMAb的检出(与正常组相比较P<0.01)、小鼠甲状腺组织的淋巴细胞浸润等表明成功复制出小鼠EAT模型。这为我们的实验成功奠定了坚实的基础。
     4.实验中,模型组TGAb、TMAb水平明显高于正常组(P<0.01);麻黄多糖治疗组较模型组显著降低(P<0.01),与甲状腺素片、强的松比较,作用相似。
     5.正常组小鼠体重自然增加;模型组小鼠至第5周后体重下降,但与正常对照组相比较无统计意义上的差别;麻黄多糖组小鼠给药后第四周起体重与模型组相比较有统计学差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),体重均低于同期模型组小鼠,小剂量组体重减轻尤其明显。
     6.EAT模型小鼠的CD4~+淋巴细胞相对含量高于正常组(P<0.05),CD4~+/CD8~+比值明显高于正常组(P<0.01);麻黄多糖大剂量组CD4~+淋巴细胞与模型组比较显著性差异(P<0.05),麻黄多糖小剂量组无显著差异,与甲状腺素组相似;麻黄多糖大、小剂量组CD8~+淋巴细胞和CD4~+/CD8~+比值与模型组比较均有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。
     7.采用光镜对照观察各组小鼠甲状腺病理学形态,麻黄多糖治疗组较模型组、药物对照组甲状腺损伤性变化有明显改善:淋巴细胞浸润显著减少,A细胞比例减少。
     8.EAT模型组小鼠甲状腺滤泡细胞有Fas的高表达(与正常组比较P<0.01),麻黄多糖小剂量组下调甲状腺细胞Fas蛋白的表达(与模型组比较P<0.05),大剂量组有极显著差异(与模型组比较P<0.01);模型组小鼠甲状腺细胞Fas-l蛋白的表达上调(与正常组比较P<0.01),麻黄多糖大剂量组Fas-l积分光密度与模型组相比较显著下降(与模型组比较P<0.05),其它治疗组无显著性差异。
     甲状腺滤泡区Bcl-2表达:积分光密度模型组与正常组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),麻黄多糖小剂量组与模型组比较有极显著性差异(P<0.01),麻黄多糖大剂量组与模型组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);面密度模型组与正常组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。bax蛋白表达:积分光密度模型组与正常组比较有极显著性差异(P<0.01),麻黄多糖小剂量组与模型组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),麻黄多糖大剂量组与模型组比较有极显著性差异(P<0.01);面密度模型组与正常纽比较有极显著性差异(P<0.01),麻黄多糖小剂量组与模型组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),麻黄多糖大剂量组与模型组比较有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。
     9.EAT模型组小鼠甲状腺VEGF表达较正常组有极显著性差异(P<0.01):强的松组VEGF表达与模型组相比较有显著差异(P<0.05),其余各组VEGF表达强弱(面密度)无明显差异。积分光密度麻黄多糖组较模型组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。
Objective
     Herba ephedrae and its preparations were proved to be effective to the disease ofautoimmune thyroiditis by the long-time clinic practice and experiment research ofprofessor Xu zhiyin. Yet their toxicity limits the dosage and thus influents their effect.The immunization of polysaccharides, ephedrans and their lower poisonous side effecthave already been known and extensively studied by clinic and experimentalresearches. In the study, Ephedra was drawn from herba ephedrae and its immuneeffects and curative dose on autoimmune thyroiditis were evaluatd. With the model ofexperimental autoimmune thyroiditis(EAT)of mice, thyroid hormone, autoantibodies,the analysis of sub-cluster of lymphoid cells of peripheral blood, the pathologic formsand the expression of Fas\Fasl、Bcl-2、Bax and VEGF-globulin of thyroiditis tissue ontheir functions and mechanism were detected. We also had compared the effects oflow dose group (33mg/kg), middling dose group (66mg/kg) and large dose group(132mg/kg), Prednisone Acetate Tablets(PAT) and Thyroid Tablet (TT) on miceEAT. We hope to provide experiment data for the clinical application of Herbaephedrae, make certain its immunization valid part, raise clinical curative effect andreduce its poisonous side effect for the development of a new immunosuppressant ofChinese herbal medicine.
     Method
     We took dry grass Herba ephedrae 4.0 kg on water to lift, condense, pure sink,eliminate the albumen, dry, smash to get 128g ephedrans.
     We took 40 ICR mice with half male and half female and divided random intonormal controlled group, ephedrae low dose group (33mg/kg), ephedrae middlingdose group (66mg/kg) and ephedrae large dose group(132mg/kg). The ICR mice ineach group were infused stomach with 0.2mls/10g of various medicine for 8 days.Then we injected the suspension of sheep red blood cell 0.2mls/mice to the abdomencavity twice after given the medicine. One hour after the last time given the medicine,we took blood from the eye sockets, using the method of serum colorimetry tomeasure the half cytolysis (HC_(50)).
     Mix pure mice thyroid globulin(TG) antigen and Complete Freund'Adjunt (CFA) by 2mg/ml equally to make the oil-wrap-water emulsion. Then take 60 female ICRmice and divided random for experiment. Inject the emulsion of TG and CFA intomulti-part of the model mice with 0.2ml (each time 100ug TG), once a week andtotally 5 times, meanwhile, the mice in control group were injected with physiologicalsaline. The mice in control group were drunken distilled water, while the ones in othergroups were given high iodine water (formed by joining 0.64gram kalium iodide intollitre). The volume infused into stomach in every group was 0.2mls/10g: TT group13.3mg/kg every day, PAT group 10 mg/kg every day, the low dose group 33mg/kg,the large dose group 66mg/kg every day. From the morning of the sixth week, themice were hungry for 24 hours then used for taking samples which were the viscerasand the blood taken from eyeballs.
     We assayed the sum levels of thyroxine,TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4、TSH、TGAb andTMAb, with Radioimmune assay(RIA), Measured the subpopulations of sub-clusterof T-lymphoid cells with flow cytometer (FCM). and deal the thyroid tissue withHaematoxylin-eosin staining. And we observed the expression of Fas\Fasl, Bcl-2,Bax and the VEGF-globulin of thyroid tissue with S-P immune histochemistry.
     Result
     1. We got brown crystal enphidrans from the dry grass Herba ephedrae after theprocess on water to lift, pure sink, eliminate the albumen and got 128g (getting3.2%) of it after dry, smash in the end.
     2. The experiment revealed that Ephedran low dose group, dose middling group anddose big group all could make the HC_(50) of the mice's sheep red cell descend(P<0.01, compared with control group).
     3. It indicated that we had successfully reproduced the EAT mice model from theascertainment of high drop level of thyroxine antibody TGAb and TMAb in themodel mice's serum (P<0.01, compared with control group) and the soakage ofmice's lymphoid cells of thyroid tissue, which lay solid foundation for ourexperiment.
     4. The TGAb, TMAb of the model group were evidently higher than the controlgroup(P<0.01), and theephedran groups were lower than the model group(P<0.01)yet their function were similar with PAT group and TT group.
     5. The mice weight had increased naturally in the control group while the modelgroup lost weight from the fifth week which had no statistic difference compare tomodel group. The weight of mice in enphedran groups were all lower from the fourth week after took medicine particularly the low dose group than that of modelgroup in the same period. The statistic difference were found betweenexperimental groups and model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01)
     6. CD4~+ lymphoid cells of EAT model mice were higher than control groupcomparatively(P<0.05). Specific values of CD4~+/CD8~+ is obviously high(P<0.01).CD4~+ lymphoid cells in ephedrans large dose group had obvious difference tomodel group(P<0.05) and low dose group showed no special deference whichwas similar to TT group. CD8~+ lymphoid cells and Specific values of CD4~+/CD8~+of enphedran large dose and low dose group all showed high difference(P<0.01).
     7. We observed the thyroid pathologic configuration of the mice in every group withlight microscope and found the ephedran groups had improved obviously in thethyroid harmful change than model group, control group and medicine controlgroup. It showed that soakage of lymphoid cell descended obviously and theproportion of A cells decreased.
     8. The thyroid follicle cells of EAT model mice contained Fas high expression(P<0.01); Ephedran low dose group adjusted the Fas expression of thyroid cellsdownwards(P<0.05 compare with model group); Dose big group showed distinctdifference (P<0.01 compare with model group). Fas-l globulin expression of EATmodel mice upwards (P<0.01 compare with control group); Fas-l Integral lightdensity of large dose group descended obviously (P<0.05 compare with modelgroup); other therapeutic groups showed no distinct difference.Bcl-2 expression of area of thyroid follicle cells: it showed difference in integrallight density between model group and control group(P<0.05); distinctdifference between Ephedran low dose group and model group(P<0.01);distinct difference betweenephedran large dose group and model group(P<0.05).It showed difference in surface density between model group and controlgroup(P<0.05). bax globulin expression: it showed distinct difference inintegral light density between model group and control group(P<0.01);difference between Ephedran low dose group and model group(P<0.05);distinct difference between Ephedran low dose group and model group(P<0.01).It showed distinct difference in surface density between model group and controlgroup(P<0.01); distinct difference between ephedran large dose group andmodel group(P<0.05).
     9. Expression of thyroid VEGF of EAT model mice showed obvious difference from control group (P<0.01). It showed overt difference betweenVEGF expression of PAT and control group(P<0.05). VEGF expression in othergroups showed no distinct difference. Integral light density of ephedran groupsshowed difference (P<0.05).
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