摘要
在兰州和白银地区,每天都有大量的污染物被排入黄河,造成了黄河兰州段水体不同程度的污染,必然会影响到生活在其中的鱼类等水生生物。依赖于黄河生活的人们的身体健康也会受到威胁。控制水体污染非常重要,准确评估水体污染程度,是治理和改善黄河兰州段水质的前提。研究污染水体对鱼类产生的毒性效应,能直接反映水体的污染程度,有助于评估污染水体给人类带来的健康风险。利用鱼类监测水体污染可以补充常规水质监测的不足。
本研究以黄河兰州段常见的两种土著鱼类——黄河高原鳅(Triplophysa pappenheimi)和黄河(?)(Gobio hwanghensis)为材料,研究黄河兰州段污染水体的毒性效应,并利用鱼类不同层面对污染的响应评价污染状况。首先,通过筛选鱼体内的有机污染物,测定重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)在鱼类组织(肝、肾、鳃、肌肉)中的含量,研究污染物在鱼体内的富集状况；其次,通过测定鱼类肝、肾、鳃组织中总抗氧化能力(Total anti-oxidant capacity, T-AOC)和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde, MDA)含量,分析鱼类红细胞微核率(Micronucleus, MCN frequency)和肝、肾、鳃组织细胞的DNA损伤程度,观察鱼类肝、肾、鳃、肠组织结构的变化,确定污染水体对鱼类的毒性效应；最后,根据实验研究结果,总体评价黄河兰州段水体的污染状况。研究结果如下：
1.有机污染物定性分析。用GC/MS技术在T.pappenheimi肝脏内检测出了8种有毒有机污染物,分别是硝基苯(Nitrobenzene)、四氯化碳(Carbon Tetrachloride)、1,4-二噁烷(1,4-Dioxane)、甲苯(Toluene)、N-苯基-2-萘胺(2-Naphthalenamine)、正十四烷(Tetradecane)、正十八烷(Octadecane)、正二十烷(Eicosane)等,它们均具有致癌、可疑致癌或促癌性质。
2.黄河兰州段重金属污染评价。黄河兰州段兰州和白银两地,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在水体中的浓度均未超过中国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中Ⅲ类水质的评价标准,在底泥中的浓度均未超过美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)的泥沙质量评价标准中的低浓度效应范围值,在两种鱼肌肉中的含量未超过中国《农产品安全质量无公害水产品安全要求》(GB 18406.4-2001)中规定的质量标准。
3.黄河兰州段兰州和白银两地重金属污染程度比较。水体中,白银样点Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的含量显著高于兰州样点(P<0.05),Pb在白银样点的浓度超过了中国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)中规定的最大值。底泥中,白银样点的Cu和Cd的含量显著高于兰州样点(P<0.05),Pb的含量显著低于兰州样点(P<0.05)。Ghuanghensis组织内,白银样点的Cu、Zn含量和兰州样点无显著差异(P>0.05),白银样点Cd的含量显著高于兰州(P<0.05),白银样点Pb的含量显著低于兰州(P<0.05)。
4.重金属在两种鱼组织中的分布规律。重金属在T.pappenheimi和Ghwanghensis两种鱼内脏中的含量均高于肌肉中的含量,其中Cu和Pb在肝脏中的含量较高,Zn在鳃中的含量较高,Cd在肾脏中的含量较高。
5.污染水体对鱼类的毒性效应。生活在污染河段的鱼类,其肝、肾、鳃组织中T-AOC显著低于对照样品(P<0.05),MDA含量显著高于对照样品(P<0.05),MCN和DNA损伤程度显著高于对照样品(P<0.05)。经组织学观察,其肝、肾、鳃、肠等组织,未见明显病理学改变。
总之,黄河兰州段水环境中存在多种具有致癌、可疑致癌或促癌性质的污染物,该段水环境具有致癌风险,但黄河兰州段重金属污染程度在白银和兰州地区两地均未及严重水平；Pb在白银水体中的含量较高,作为饮用水源可能会给人类带来健康影响；黄河兰州段水体中的污染物在鱼类组织中的富集,对鱼类造成了氧化胁迫效应,损伤了鱼类遗传物质,但尚未对鱼类组织结构产生影响。T.pappenheimi和G. hwanghensis的肝和肾对重金属具有较强的富集能力,可用于监测黄河上游重金属污染。T. pappenheimi组织的T-AOC、MDA、MCN、DNA损伤程度等指标综合反映了黄河水质污染状况,是较为理想的生物标志物,可用于监测黄河上游水体污染。
Large numbers of pollutants are discharged into the Yellow River in Lanzhou and Baiyin region every day, which makes the river polluted seriously. Inevitably, organisms including fish species are affected adversely, and health of residents relying on the river for water supply are threatened, either. It is very important to control of the water pollution. Whereas, evaluating water quality precisely is the premise of water pollution control. The toxic effects of polluted water on organisms could reflect the condition of water pollution, and it is helpful to make the risk assessment of polluted water for human being. Using fish to monitor water pollution would supplement the routine water monitoring.
In this study, two dominant endemic fish species, Triplophysa pappenheimi and Gobio hwanghensis, both common in Lanzhou section of the Yellow River, were chosen as target species for evaluating the toxic effects of polluted water.
First, the toxic organic pollutants in fish tissues were identified qualitatively and the concentrations of heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) in fish tissues (liver, kidney, gill and muscle) were determined quantitatively.
Second, the toxic effects of polluted water on fish were evaluated by determining the total anti-oxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), by statisticly analyzing of the micronucleus frequency (MCN), and the degree of DNA damage, and by the histological observation.
Last, the evaluation of polluted condition in Lanzhou section of the Yellow River and risk assessment for human being were conducted based on the presence of toxic organic pollutants, the concentration of heavy metals in fish tissues, and the variation of fish oxidative stress markers (T-AOC and MDA), genetic material damage markers (MCN and DNA damage) and pathological observation. The results showed that:
1. Qualitative analysis of organic pollutants:eight kinds of toxic organic pollutants in liver of T. pappenheimi were found by means of GC/MS, which were: Nitrobenzene, Carbon Tetrachloride,1,4-Dioxane, Toluene,2-Naphthalenamine, Tetradecane, Octadecane and Eicosane. These pollutants have been considered as carcinogen, suspected carcinogen or carcinogenic promoting agents.
2. Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in Lanzhou section of the Yellow River:Both in Lanzhou and Baiyin, Cu、Pb、Zn and Cd concentrations in water body met the third-class water quality standard restricted in Environmental quality standards for surface water (GB 3838-2002). In sediment they did not exceed the effects range-low values described by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of America.In fish muscles they did not exceed evaluation criteria limited in Safety qualification for agricultural product for non-environmental pollution aquatic products (GB 18406.4-2001), respectively.
3. Comparison of heavy metal pollution between Lanzhou and Baiyin:In water body, Baiyin Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in Lanzhou, Pb concentration exceeded the maximum permitted level prescribed in Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006). In sediment, Baiyin samples contained higher concentrations of Cu, Cd and lower concentrations of Pb than those in Lanzhou sediment (P<0.05). In G. hwanghensis tissues, Cu and Zn levels in fish obtained from Baiyin were similar to those from Lanzhou(P>0.05), Baiyin fish contained significant higher Cd and lower Pb concentrations than those in Lanzhou fish (P<0.05).
4. Distribution patterns of heavy metal in fish tissues:heavy metal concentrations in inner organs were all higher than those in muscles. Cu and Pb were found highly accumulated in liver, Zn in gill and Cd in kidney.
5. Toxic effects of polluted water on fish:T-AOC in liver, kidney and gill were significantly lower than that in the same tissue of control samples (P<0.05), while the MDA level, MCN frequency and DNA damage were all significantly higher than that in the same tissue of control samples (P<0.05). Obvious pathological changes in liver, kidney, gill and intestines were not observed.
In conclusion, the presence of carcinogen, suspected carcinogen or carcinogenic promoting agents in fish tissues indicated that the polluted water in Lanzhou section of the Yellow River may bring cancer risks to organisms including human being. Lanzhou section of the Yellow River was not significantly contaminated by Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd. Pb in Baiyin section may bring health risk to human being if it is used directly as drinking water. The accumulation of pollutants in fish tissues had caused oxidative stress and genetic material damage, but had not yet injured fish tissues. Heavy metals accumulated highly in liver and kidney of T. pappenheimi and G. hwanghensis. As a result, liver and kidney had potential value on monitoring metal pollution. T-AOC, MDA, DNA damage or MCN in tissues (liver, kidney, gill or peripheral blood) of T. pappenheimi were all useful bio-indicators in monitoring water pollution.
引文
1 Almeidaa JA, Dinizb YS, Marquesa SFG et al.2002.The use of the oxidative stress responses as biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to in vivo cadmium contamination. Environ Int, (27):673-679.
2 Al-Yousuf MH, El-Shahawi MS, Al-Ghais SM.2000. Trace metals in liver, skin and muscle of Lethrinus lentjan fish species in relation to body length and sex. The Science of the Total Environment,256(2-3):87-94.
3 Beuge P, Kramer W.1982. Detection and characterization of fault zones by means of mercury survey. Z, Geol, Wiss,10:607-616.
4 Cheung CCC, Siu WHL, Richardson BJ et al.2004. Antioxidant responses to benzo [a] pyrene and Aroclor1254 Exposure in the green-lipped mussel. Perna Viridis Environ Pollut, (128): 393-403.
5 Cheung CCC, Zheng GJ, Lain PKS et al.2002.Relationships between tissue concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons (Polychlorinated biphenyls and Chlorinated pesticides) and antioxidative responses of marine mussels. Perna Viridis Mar Pollut Bull, (45):181-191.
6 Cossu C, Doyotte A, Babut M et al.2000. Anoxidant Biomarkers in freshwater bivalves, Unio tumidus, in response to different contamination profiles of aquatic sediments. Ecotox Environ Safe,(45):106-121.
7 Diana SG, Beasley VR.1998. Amphibian toxiciology. In:Lannoo ML ed. Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians. University oflowa Press,266-277.
8 Dorigan J, Hushon J.1976. Air Pollution Assessment of Nitroben-zene. McLean. Virginia, The Mitre Corporation, NTIS No. PB257-776.
9 Dusek L, Svobodova Z, Janouskova D, Vykusova B, Jarkovsky J, Smid R, Pavlis P. 2005. Bioaccumulation of mercury in muscle tissue of fish in the Elbe River (Czech Republic):multispecies monitoring study 1991-1996. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf,61(2):256-267.
10 Eric O. Odada Daniel O. Olago Kassim Kulindwa Micheni Ntiba.2004. Mitigation of Environmental Problems in Lake Victoria, East Africa:Causal Chain and Policy Options Analyses. Ambio-A Journal Of The Human EnvirOnment.33(1).
11 Fianko JR, Osae S, Adomako D, Adotey DK, Serfor-Armah Y.2007. Assessment of heavy metal pollution of the iture estuary in the Central Region of Ghana. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,131(1-3):467-473.
12 Filley CM, Halliday W, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK.2004. The effects of toluene on the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol,63(1):1-12.
13 Fossi MC, Casin S, Marsili L et al.2002. Biomarkers for endocrine disruptors in three species of mediterranean large pelagic fish. Mar Environ Res,54:667-671.
14 Fraser MP, Glen RC, Simoneit BRT.1999. Particulate organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and in the urban atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment,33:2715-2724.
15 Gale NL, Adams CD, Wixson BG, Loftin KA, Huang YW.2004. Lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium in fish and sediments from the Big River and Flat River Creek of Missouri's Old Lead Belt. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,26(1):37-49.
16 GB 11607-89,渔业水质量标准.
17 GB 15618-1995,土壤环境质量标准.
18 GB 18406.4-2001,农产品安全质量无公害水产品安全要求.
19 GB 309721997,海洋水质标准.
20 GB 3838-2002,地表水环境质量标准.
21 GB 5749-2006,生活饮用水卫生标准.
22 GB 8978-1996,污水综合排放标准.
23 GB T14848293,地下水质量标准.
24 Hankenson K, Schaeffer DJ.1991. Microtox assay of trini-trotoluene djaminonitrotoluene and dinitromethylalanine mixturea. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol,46(4):550-553.
25 Has-Schon E, Bogut I, Strelec I.2006. Heavy metal profile in five fish species included in human diet, domiciled in the end flow of river Neretva (Croatia). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,50:545-551.
26 Helgen JR, Mc Kinnell RG, Gernes MC.1998. Investigation of malformed orthern leopard frogs in Minnesota. In:Lannoo ML ed. Status and onservation of Midwestern Amphibians. University of Iowa Press,288-297.
27 Hirokazu Kano et al.2009. Carcinogenicity studies of 1,4-dioxane administered in drinking-water to rats and mice for 2 years, ood and Chemical Toxicology,47(11):776-2784.
28 Hogstedt C.1994. Has the Scandinavian solvent syndrome controversy been solved. Scand J Work Environ Health,20:59-64.
29 Hose JE, Cross JN, Smith SG, et al.1987. Elevated circulatingery throcy temicronuclei in fishes from contaminated sites of Southern California. Marine Environ.Res,22:167-176.
30 Huang D, Zhang Y, Song q, Long J, Liu J, Ji W.2007. Contaminants-induced oxidative damage on the carp Cyprinus carpio colleeted from the upperYellow River, China. Environ Monitor Assess,128:483-488.
31 Hyne RV, Maher WA.2003. Invertebrate biomarkers:links to toxicosis that predict population decline. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,54:366-374.
32 Jezierska B, Witeska M.2006. The metal uptake and accumulation in fish living in polluted waters. Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation,3(23):107-114.
33 Jiraungkoorskul W, Upatham ES, Kruatrachue M, et al.2003. Biochemical and histopathological effects of glyphosate herbicide on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Environ Toxicol,18(4):260-268.
34 Johnson PTJ, Lunde KB, Ritchie EG, Launer AE.1999. The effect of rematode infection on amphibian limb development and survivorship. Science,284:802-804.
35 Jones CR, Liu YY, Sepai O, et al.2006. Internal exposure, health effects, and cancer risk of humans exposed to chloronitrobenzene. Environ Sci Technol,40(1):387-394.
36 Kalay M, Canli M.2000. Elimination of essential(Cu, Zn) and nonessential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissue of a freshwater fish Tilapia zilli. Turkish Journal of Zoology,24:429-436.
37 Kerbachi R, Boughedaoui M, Bounoua L, Keddam M.2006. Ambient air pollution by aromatic hydrocarbons in Algiers. Atmospheric Environment,40:3995-4003.
38 Kidwell JM, Phillips LJ, Birchard GF.1995. Comparative analyses of contaminant levels in bottom feeding and predatory fish using the national contaminant biomonitoring program data. Bull, Environ, Contam, Toxicol,54:919-923.
39 Li Yu et al.2006. Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around non-ferrous metals mining and smelting sites, Baiyin, China. Journal Of Environmental Sciences,18(6): 1124-1134.
40 Limbexk A, Puxbaum H.1999. Organic acids in continental back ground aerosols. Atmospheric Environment,33(22):1847-1852.
41 Linde AR, Arribas P, Sanchez-Galan S, Garcia-Vazquez E.1996. Eel (Anguillaanguilla) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) target species to assess the biological impact of trace metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol,31:297-302.
42 Liu C, Wang ZY, He Y.2005. Discussion on sediment quality standards inwaters. Journal of Sedimentary Research,2:54-60 (in Chinese).
43 Liu ZP.2003. Lead poisoning combined with cadmium in sheep and horses in the vicinity of non-ferrous metal smelters. Sci Total Environ,309:117-126.
44 Long ER, Morgan LG 1990. The potential for biological effects of sediment sorbed contaminants tested in the National Status and Trends Program. NOAA Technical Memorandumn, NOS OMA 52,Seattle.
45 Matsumoto M, Umeda Y, Senoh H, et al.2006. Two year feed study of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of orthe chloronitrobenzene in rats and mice. Toxicol Sci,31(3):247-264.
46 May AF, Arcos JC, Comelia HL, et al.1965. Hepatocarcino genicity of Dioxane,35:949.
47 Mcintyre A,1975. Ecological Toxicology Research—Effects of Heavy Metal and Organohalogen Compounds. New York:Plenum Press,235-259.
48 Merian E.1991. Metals and their compounds in the environment. Occurrence analysis and biological elevance. Weinheim:UCH.
49 Moiseenko TI, Kudryavtseva LP, Rodyushkin IV, Dauvalter VA, Lukin AA, Kashulin NA. 1995. Airborne contamination by heavy metals and aluminum in the freshwater ecosystems of Kola subarctic region (Russia). Sci. Total Environ,160/161:715-727.
50 Nan ZR, Cheng G 2001. Copper and Zinc Uptake by Spring Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and Corn (Zea mays L.) Grown in Baiyin Region. Bull, Environ, Contam, Toxicol,67:83-90.
51 Nan ZR, Zhao CY, Li JJ, Chen FH, Liu Y.1999. Field Survey of Cd and Pb Contents in Spring Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) Grain Grown in Baiyin City, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China. Bull, Environ, Contam, Toxicol,63:546-552.
52 Nan ZR, Zhao CY, Li JJ, Chen FH, Sun W.2002. Relations berween soil properties and selected heavy meatal concentrations in spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) grown in contaminated soils. Water Air Soil Pollut,133:205-13.
53 Nan ZR, Zhao CY.2000. Heavy metal concentrations in gray calcareous soils of Baiyin region, Gansu Province, P.R. China. Water Air Soil Pollut,118:131-141.
54 Ney JJ, Van Hassel JH.1983. Sources of variability in accumulation of heavy metals by fishes in a roadside stream. Arch, Environ, Contam, Toxicol,12:701-706.
55 Niyogia S, Biswasa S, Sarkerb S et al.2001. Antioxidant enzymes in brackishwater oyster Saccostrea cucullata as potential biomarkers of polyaromatic hydrocarbon pollution in Hooghly estuary (India); seasonality and its consequences. Sci Total Environ, (281):237-246.
56 Ofuc EO, Sevgiler Y, Uner N.2004. Tissue specific oxidative stress responses in fish exposed to 2,4-D and azinphosmethyl. Comp Biochem Phys, (137):43-51.
57 Otson R, Williams L, Batskor IA.1982. Volatile organic com-pounds in water at thirty Canandia potable water treatment facilities. Journal of Associate Anal Chemical,65: 1370-1374.
58 Ovemell J, Abdullahm MI.1988. Metallothionein and metal levelsin flounder Platichthys flesus from four field sites and in flounder dosed with water bronze copper. Marine Ecology Progress series,46:71-74.
59 Pascual P, Pedrajas JR, Toribi F et al.2003. Effect of Food deprivation on oxidative stress biomarker in fish(Sparus aurata). Chem Biol Interact, (145):191-199.
60 Plaa GL.2000. Chlorinated methanol and liver injury:highlights of the past 50 years. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol,40:43-65.
61 Pope AA, Cruse PA, Most CC.1988. Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Factors. A Compilation for Selected Air Toxic Compounds and Sources. Washington, DC:US Environmental Protection Agency.
62 Rice DW. Harrison FL, Jearld AJR.1980. Effects of copper of early life history stages of nort hern anchovy EnCraulis mordax. Fishery Bulletin,78(3):675-682.
63 Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, et al.1997. Sources of fine organic aerosols.8. Boilers burning No.2. Distillate fuel oil. Environmental Science and Technology,31: 2731-2737.
64 Rowe CL, Kinney OM, Nagle RD, Congdon JD.1998. Elevated maintenance costs in an anuran (Rana catesbeiana) exposed to a mixture oftrace elements during the embryonic and early larval periods. Physiol Zool,71:27-35.
65 Sessions SK, Franssen RA, Vanessa LH.1999. Morphological clues from ultilegged frogs:are retinoids to blame. Science,284:800-802.
66 Spehar RL.1976. Cadmium and zinc toxicity to flagfish Jardanells floridea. J. Fsih Res. Board Can.33:1939-1945.
67 Staples CA, Wemer AF, Hoogheen TJ.1985. Assessment of priority pollutant concentrations in the United States using storet databare. Environal Toxicol Chemical,4:131-142.
68 Terra BF, Araujo FG, Calza CF, Lopes RT, Teixeira TP.2008. Heavy metal in tissues of three fish species from different trophic levels in a tropical Brazilian River. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,187:275-284.
69 Tribble DL, Aw TY, Jones DP.1987. The pathophysiological effect of lipid peroxidation in oxidative cell injury. Hepatology,7(2):377-386.
70 Truckenbrodt D, Einax J.1995. Sampling representativity and homogeneity of river sediments. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem,352:437-443.
71 Voigt HR.2004. Concentrations of mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd), and the condition of some coastal Baltic fishes. Environmentalica Fennica,21:26.
72 Weis JS, Weis P.1977. Effects of heavy metals of embryonic development of the Killifish, Fundulus heferoclitus. J. Fish. Biol,11:49-54.
73 WHO. Environmental Health Criteria,230.2003.
74 World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 230. Geneva:Corrigena Publish, 2003.
75 World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria Nitrobenzene. Geneva:WHO, 2003.
76 Wu W, Zhuo JH, Chen JZ, Hu GD, Zhang RT, Huo CY.1996. Water pollution and toxicity to fishes in the major area of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Chin J Appl Environ Biol, 5(3):291-295.
77 Xu J, Jing T, Yang L, et al.2006. Effects of Nitrobenzenes on DNA damage in germ cells of rats. Chemical Research Chinese U,22(1):29-32.
78 Yamazaki M, Tanizaki Y, Shimokawa T.1996. Silver and other trace elements in a freshwater fish, Carasius auratus langsdorfii, from the Asakawa River in Tokyo, Japan. Environ. Pollut, 94:83-90.
79 Yoshida K, Shigeoka T, Yamauchi F.1988. Estimation of environmental fate of industrial chemicals. Toxicol Environ Chem,17:69-85.
80 Young JD, Braum WH, et al.1978. Dose-dependent fate of 1,4-dioxane in rats, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A,4(5).709-726.
81 Yuan L.2005. Research progress of environmental estrogens effect male reproductive vice. Urology and Nephrology FMS,25:216-219.
82 Zhang SG. 1996. The mutagenicity of heavy metal pollutants on fish in the Yellow River. Res Environ Sci,9(3):51-57.
83 Zhou T, Weis P, Weis JS.998. Mercury burden in two populations of Fundulus heteroclitus after sublethal methylmercury exposure. Aquat. Toxicol,42:37-47.
84 Zur J, Yule W.1990. Chronic solvent abuse, I:cognitive sequelae. Child Care Health Dev,16: 1-20.
85 陈根.2009.黄河兰州段重金属和多环芳烃污染对土壤线虫生态多样性影响的研究.兰州大学博士论文.
86 成嘉,符贵红,刘芳,唐建洲,李基光,张建社.2006.乳酸脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响.生命科学研究,10(4)：372-376.
87 程英,裴宗平,邓霞,梁凤焦.2008.生物监测在水环境中的应用及存在问题探讨.环境科学与管理,33(2)：112-114.
88 揣小明,单爱琴,程伟,吴佳.2007.多氯代甲烷对鳝鱼红细胞微核率及核异常率的影响.江苏环境科技,20(5).23-25.
89 崔可铎,刘玉梅,侯兰英.1987.6种重金属对海洋鱼类胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响.海洋与湖沼,18(2)：138-143.
90 董继元,王式功,尚可政.2009.黄河兰州段多环芳烃类有机污染物健康风险评价.农业环境科学学报,28(9)：1892-1897.
91 杜彩.2007.黄河兰州段地表水体污染现状与防治对策.甘肃科技,23(6)：14-15.
92 端正花,朱琳,宫知远.2009.己烯雌酚在斑马鱼胚胎中的生物蓄积及毒性机制研究.环境科学,30(2).
93 范亚维,周启星,2009.水体甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对斑马鱼的毒性效应.生态毒理学报,4(1)：136-141.
94 方展强,王春凤.2005.硒对汞致剑尾鱼鳃和肝组织总抗氧化能力变化的拮抗作用.实验动物与比较医学,25(3)：136-139.
95 冯书涛,马和梅,俞发荣.2005.黄河兰州段水污染现状分析.人民黄河,27(6)：28-29.
96 古梅.2002.一起硝基苯急性中毒事故调查.职业与健康,18(9)：22.
97 顾祖维主编.2005.现代毒理学概论,北京：化学工业出版社：
98 关海红,蔺玉华.2004.鲤鱼鳃组织结构及鳃对重金属离子的耐受性.水产学杂志,17(1)：66-72.
99 关海红,刘伟,田言.1997.重金属对鲤鱼肾脏的影响.黑龙江水产,2：25-26.
100关海红,潘伟志,蔺玉华,刘伟,卢建民.2005.4种重金属对松浦鲤生长及组织的影响.华中农业大学学报,24(1)：68-73.
101 关海红.2002.鲤鱼肾组织结构及重金属对肾组织的损伤.水产学杂志,15(2)：61-64.
102关兴.2002.硝基苯中毒6例.临床急诊杂志,3(1)：49.
103郭方琴,张成君,张云,刘艳,黄雅娟.2009.兰州市大气沉降尘中正构烷烃分布及环境意义.环境科学,32(2)：9-11.
104韩眷华,王起恩,吴萍.2001.硝基苯对肝癌细胞系的细胞毒性机制.中华预防医学杂志,35(1)：48-50.
105韩丽娜.2009.浅析当前我国水资源安全问题及改善措施.科技资讯,2：155-155.
106何丙能.2009.水资源可持续利用的必要性及措施.河南水利与南水北调,1：25-26.
107何乱水,马柄祥,杜文奎等.2003.西北黄土高原干旱半干旱条件下城市污染特点.中国地质,30(4)：442-448.
108侯绍刚等.2005.黄河(兰州段)水环境中壬基酚及壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚污染的初步研究.环境化学,24(3)：250-254.
109胡晓磐,周建华,时夕金.2005.利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测镉胁迫导致鲫鱼淋巴细胞DNA的损伤.农业环境科学学报,24(1)：43-45.
110黄方明,李州英.2002.白银市地面水水质现状分析与评价.甘肃水利水电技术,38(3)：210-211.
111黄玉平,张庆国,吴朝.2009.生物监测及其在水环境污染防治中的应用进展.安徽农学通报,15(08)：38.
112江锦花,梁华定,余文翎,蒋家骅.2005.江厦湾网箱养殖鱼体内重金属的积累、分布与环境效应.浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),24(3)：227-230.
113姜文来.2001.中国21世纪水资源安全对策研究.水科学进展,12(1)：66-71.
114金德美,1995.河流水质监测与评价中生物学指标研究.甘肃环境研究与监测,8(1)：12-15.
115雷社平,阮本清,解建.2003.论水与人类文明的历史关系.西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),3(6)：61-65.
116李凤超,沈韫芬,刘存歧.2005.应用原生动物群落评价枯水期白洋淀的水质现状.生态学杂志,24(7)：785-789.
117李宏.2009.不同工业污水对蚕豆根尖微核细胞率的影响.贵州农业科学,37(5)：197-198.
118李江平,李雯.2001.指示生物及其在环境保护中的应用.云南环境科学,20(1)：51-54.
119李娟,娄丽波.1994.新型橡胶防老剂DFC—34与防老剂D的毒性比较.卫生毒理学杂
120李俊生,徐靖,罗建武,罗尊兰.2009.硝基苯环境效应的研究综述.生态环境学报,18(1)：368-373.
121李康,周忠良,陈立侨,孟艳玲,吴鹰.2006.苯并[a]芘对鲫鱼生物标志物的影响研究.环境科学研究,19(1)：91-95.
122李世文,郑新民,郑航,胡礼泉,费前进.2001.总抗氧化能力、一氧化氮、丙二醛对大鼠隐睾生殖细胞凋亡的影响.中华实验外科杂志,20(3)：252-253.
123李秀秀,杨新军,闻洪涛.2008.农利灵对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性.环境与职业医学,25(4)：378-380.
124李州英.2002.黄河兰州段水污染现状与防治对策.甘肃环境研究与监测,15(4)：312-314.
125林琳,刘汉锋.2009.40%四氯化碳大鼠慢性肝损伤模型稳定性的研究.广西医学,31(7)：922-924.
126刘昌明.2001.21世纪中国水文科学研究的新问题新技术和新方法.-北京：科学出版社,121-127.
127刘成,王兆印,何耘.2005.水体沉积泥沙质量标准之探讨.泥沙研究,2：54-60.
128刘凤侠,史延萍.1999.污水养鱼对鱼体外周血微核的影响.内陆水产,24(3)：5-6.
129刘力,冯坚持,张桥,邓丽霞.1996.苯、甲苯、二甲苯暴露人群遗传毒性生物标志物的研究.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,14：1-2.
130刘彦芳,王佩维,姚晨之,粱红艳.2007.餐具洗涤剂中1,4-二噁烷GDX2103柱测定.中国公共卫生,23(4)：505-506.
131刘艳平,李炼,李忠魁,何莉芳,郑杰,周泪波.2003.底泥重金属镉对鳙鱼血细胞微核率的影响.实用预防医学,10(4)：485-487.
132刘宗平,马卓,李文范,程雪峰.1997.绵羊铅镉联合中毒的研究.中国兽医学报,17(2)：166-169.
133刘宗平等.1994.白银矿区环境污染对动物健康影响的流行病学研究.甘肃农业大学学报,29(2)：162-168.
134柳学周,徐永江,兰功刚.2006.几种重金属离子对半滑舌鳎胚胎发育和仔稚鱼的毒性效应.海洋水产研究,27(2)：33-37.
135龙静, 张迎梅,丽娜,黄德军,宋刚.2006.利用微核试验和彗星电泳试验评价黄河兰州段水质致遗传毒性作用.应用与环境生物学报,12(1)：59-63.
136马广智.1995.镉对鲤促性腺激素和生长激素的影响.水产学报,19(2)：120-126.
137马和梅.2002a.黄河兰州段水体中有机污染物污染规律与变化趋势.甘肃科技,18(6)：67-68.
138马和梅.2002b.黄河兰州段水污染现状调查与防治.甘肃环境研究与监测,15(4)：303-304.
139马和梅.2002c.黄河兰州段水体污染物变化规律与特征.甘肃环境研究与监测,15(2)：101-103.
140马建华,马全杰,冯亚楠.1999.黄河兰州段苯系物污染现状调查与评价.甘肃环境研究与监测,12(2).
141马正学,宋玉珍.1994.用原生动物评价黄河兰州段的水质.中国环境科学,14(6)：401-406.
142马正学,宋玉珍.1995.黄河兰州段的藻类调查.西北师范大学学报(自科版),31(3)：67-71.
143马正学,宋玉珍.1996.黄河兰州段的藻类群落用于水质评价的研究.甘肃科学学报,8(1)：79-82.
144马正学,孙小萍.1997.用四膜虫评价黄河兰州段水质的研究.西北师范大学学报(自科版),33(1)：50-53.
145毛跟年,许牡丹,黄健文.2004.环境中有毒有害物质与分析检测,北京：化学工业出版社.
146南旭阳.2002.铜离子对鲫鱼红细胞、白细胞和血红蛋白量的影响.江西科学,20(1)：38-41.
147南旭阳.2002.铜离子对鲫鱼血红细胞微核和核异常的影响.河南科学,20(1)：42-46.
148南旭阳.2009.重金属Cu、Zn和Cd对泥鳅毒性效应和白细胞吞噬能力的影响.陕西农业科学,2：40-53.
149南忠仁,杨苏才,徐文青,牛亚萍,曾贤稷.2006.黄河白银段水污染成因分析及防治对策.水土保持研究,13(6)：123-125.
150牛静萍,刘亚平,阮烨,丁国武.2006.黄河兰州段环境激素的污染水平.环境与健康杂志,23(6)：527-529.
151欧阳雁玲.2002.鱼的微核测定及其在监测水体污染中的意义.大同医学专科学校学报,2：9-10.
152彭林,沈平,文启彬.1998.利用正构烷烃单分子碳同位素组成对兰州大气污染源的探讨.沉积学报,16(4)：159-162.
153秦伟超,郭英娜,徐可进.2009.水生生物(藻、水丝蚓、鱼)对硝基苯的富集与释放研究.东北师大学报(自然科学版),41(1)：112-116.
154邱瑞骥,袁宝珊.1994.黄河兰州段源水及自来水中非挥发性有机物的致突变性研究.甘肃环境研究与监测,7(1)：7-12.
155任立新,冯亚楠,李秀莲.2002.黄河循化至五佛寺河段水污染现状及预测.甘肃水利水电技术,38(1)：30-31.
156邵敏,赵美萍,白郁华,李金龙,唐孝炎.1994.北京地区大气中非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHC)的人为源排放特征研究.中国环境科学,14：6-12.
157宋辉,刘志宏.1997.甲苯对血液及遗传的毒性研究.宁夏医学院学报,19(4)：26-28.
158宋玉珍,马正学.1995.黄河兰州段大型底栖无脊椎动物调查.甘肃科学学报,7(2)：79-81.
159宋玉珍,马正学.1997.黄河兰州段浮游动物调查.甘肃科学学报,9(3)：78-81.
160宋玉珍.1994.黄河兰州段底栖动物的生态分布及其对水质的评价.甘肃环境研究与监测,7(3)：27-30.
161孙君志,王东辉,王纯,董柔,苏全生.2006.不同强度跑台运动对大鼠血清总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响.中国临床康复,10(4)：68-71.
162孙强国,邓文彦.1992.橡胶工人恶性肿瘤回顾性队列研究.职业医学,19(3)：135-137.
163孙胜利,冯琳.2000.黄河兰州段浮游动物种类构成及水质评价.甘肃科学学报,12(1)：80-83.
164谭树华,何典翼,严芳,梁芳.2005.亚硝酸钠对鲫鱼肝脏丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力的影响.农业环境科学学报,24(增刊)：21-24.
165 田野,常宇文,曹红,曹宝森,周相娟,赵玉琪,李伟.2008.食品用洗涤剂中1,4-二噁烷含量检测研究进展.分析试验室,27卷增刊.
166王焕校主编.2000.污染生态学,北京：高等教育出版社.
167王敏,马波.2005.硝基苯污染井水调查.中国公共卫生,21(1)：51.
168王鹏,柳玉红,高燕琳,赵旭东.2002.香波、浴液与化妆品中二嗯烷含量调查.环境与健康,19(1)：37-38.
169王平.2006.黄河(兰州段)水生生态系统中壬基酚的分布研究.城市环境与城市生态,19(2)：20-22.
170王平,徐建,郭炜锋,戴树桂.2007.黄河兰州段水环境中多环芳烃污染初步研究.中国环境监测,23(3)：48-51.
171王香亭主编.1991.甘肃脊椎动物志.甘肃科学技术出版社.
172王晓燕,尚伟,2002.水体有毒有机污染物的危害及优先控制污染物.首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),23(3)：73-78.
173王学东,王殿武,李贵宝,刘志轩.2003.国内外水资源状况及存在的问题与对策.河北农业大学学报,26：238-248.
174王有乐,高康宁,蒲生彦.2008.黄河兰州段面源污染分析与防治对策.人民黄河,30(10).57-60.
175王樟龄.1995.N-苯基-2-萘胺的毒性和致癌性研究.化工劳动保护,工业卫生与职业病分册,16(2)：81-82.
176魏志强,冷凯良,孙伟红,王志杰,战培荣,陈忠祥.2009.鱼体中硝基苯残留的气相色 谱一质谱法测定.安徽农业科学,37(35)：17299-17300.
177吴春红,薛晶,杨建明,佘光新.2007.用钉螺作为指示生物监测其孳生地重金属污染状况.湖北大学学报(自然科学版),29(1)：96-98.
178吴鼎勋,洪万树.1999.四种重金属对Mian状黄姑鱼胚胎和仔鱼的毒性.台湾海峡,18(2)：186-190.
179吴玲玲,明玺,陈玲,涂斌华,赵建夫.2007.长江口水域菲含量及对斑马鱼组织结构的影响.环境科学与技术,30(7)：13-15.
180吴元发.2009.荆州市放射工作人员外周血淋巴细胞微核率的调查.中国辐射卫生.18(1)：70-71.
181武云飞,吴翠珍.1991.青藏高原鱼类.成都：四川科学技术出版社.
182郗媛媛.2005.蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测黄河兰州段水质污染的研究.甘肃联合大学学报,19(3)：50-52.
183奚旦立,孙裕生,刘秀英编.1996.环境监测2版(修订本),北京：高等教育出版社出版(2002重印).
184项玮,韩宝平,李超.2009.某水源地四氯化碳人体健康风险评价动态分析.环境科学技术,32(2)：175-178.
185谢佳燕,王健,刘莎.2009.武汉地表水对蚕豆根尖细胞微核的影响.生态环境学报,18(1)：93-96.
186谢进金,陈朝阳,柯佳颖,林青淑,徐美玲.2009.氯化铜对金鱼红细胞微核率和核异常率的影响.毒理学杂志,23(1)：65-67.
187谢瑞文,吴恩应,肖周业等.2005.Zn和I在鲮鱼体内的积累与分布.中山大学学报,11(1)：224-228.
188邢厚娟,王殿奎,张春红,徐世.2009.硝基苯的蓄积毒性和氧化损伤.环境化学,28(2)：229-232.
189熊正为.2000.水资源污染与水安全问题探讨.中国安全科学学报,10(5)：39-42.
190徐大琴,牛静萍,万学中,王燕侠,陈晓燕,徐佳.2008.沙尘暴细颗粒物致大鼠肺细胞DNA损伤研究.环境与健康杂志,1：67-68.
191徐永江.2005.几种重金属离子对半滑舌煽组织结构损伤的研究.海洋水产研究,26(6)：11-16.
192许木启,翟家骥,邵永怡.1998.利用PFU原生动物群落多样性快速监测北京通惠河水质.动物学杂志,33(4)：127.
193颜士勇,印木泉,韦毅,郭丰涛,王庆蓉,官颖鹏,丛颖,竺青.2004.甲苯对原代培养海马神经细胞的毒性研究.卫生研究,33(1)：18-22.
194杨再福,印惠君.2002.重金属汞和钴对草鱼卵子孵化的影响.农业环境保护,21(1)：79-80.
195余应年.2002.遗传毒物与细胞死亡.见：印木泉主编.遗传毒理学,-北京：科学出版社,178-215.
196袁宝珊.2000.甘肃环境.成都：四川科学技术出版社,196-201.
197詹付凤,赵欣平.2007.重金属镉对鲫鱼碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响.四川动物,26(3)：641-643.
198张春玲等.2004.苯并(a)芘对鲫鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力的影响.环境与健康杂志,21(5)： 325-326.
199张景飞,王晓蓉,沈骅.2003.低浓度2,4-DCP对鲫鱼肝脏抗氧化防御系统的影响.中国环境科学,23(5)：531-534.
200张景飞,王晓蓉.2003.20号柴油低浓度长期暴露对鲫鱼肝脏抗氧化防御系统的影响.农业环境科学学报,22(3)：345-348.
201张少俊,张国珍.2008.黄河兰州段水环境污染状况和成因分析.环境科学与管理,3(3)：52-62.
202张曙光等.2006.黄河兰州段壬基酚在半透膜及水、沙相的分布.中国卫生检验杂志,16(3)：257-258.
203张毅,张高峰,魏华.2009.壬基酚对鲫鱼原代肝细胞增殖和抗氧化功能的影响,应用生态学报,2(20)：2.
204张增光.2004.水生生物在水质监测中的应用.科技情报开发与经济,14(7)：150-151.
205张志杰.1990.环境生物监测,北京：冶金出版社.
206赵湘桂,蔡德所,刘威,王旭涛.2009.漓江水质硅藻生物监测方法研究.广西师范大学学报,27(2).142-147.
207赵怡冰,许武德,郭宇欣.2002.生物的指示作用与水环境水资源保护.(2)：11-14.
208郑荣梁,黄中洋.2001.自由基医学与农学基础,-北京：高等教育出版社.
209郑艳,李德生.2007.黄河兰州段水污染现状分析及防治.环境科学管理,32(1)：190-194.
210中华人民共和国环境保护总局.2006.中国环境状况公报.
211周立红,陈学豪.1994.四种重金属对泥鳅胚胎和仔鱼毒性的研究.厦门水产学学报,16(1)：11-19.
212周启星,孔繁翔,朱琳.2004.生态毒理学,北京：科学出版社.
213周新文,朱国念,Jilisa Mwalilino,孙锦荷.2001.Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd及其混合重金属离子对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)DNA甲基化水平的影响.中国环境科学,21(6)：549-552.
214周新文,朱国念,孙锦荷,Jilisa Mwalilino.2002.混合重金属离子诱导的鲫鱼肝脏DNA的断裂与修复.核技术,25(6).408-412.
215周彦锋,尤洋,吴伟,杨光,陈家长.2009.重金属锌胁迫下鲫鱼不同组织中金属硫蛋白的动态变化.江苏农业学报,25(4)：818-823.
216朱松泉.1989.中国条鳅志.南京：江苏科学技术出版社,101-103.
