摘要
本研究以棒花鱼、麦穗鱼和子陵吻鰕虎鱼为实验材料,对比研究了它们在入侵地(抚仙湖)和原产地(巢湖和洞庭湖)中的生活史对策,并结合湖泊水文特征和种间关系分析了它们对抚仙湖环境的适应性进化响应。研究发现,这三种小型鱼类在入侵到抚仙湖后,其生活史对策出现了一系列的变化。
在年龄与组成上:入侵地棒花鱼最大繁殖年龄增大,麦穗鱼高龄个体比例增加,这反映了它们在入侵地高龄个体死亡率下降; 入侵地棒花鱼幼鱼和麦穗鱼成鱼的年轮形成发生在3-5月份,但在原产地它们的年轮形成发生在冬季。
在生长特征上:入侵地棒花鱼渔获物个体增大、退算全长增加和生长指标上升,反映了入侵地棒花鱼生长加速; 但入侵地麦穗鱼生长减速,表现为个体减小、退算全长减小和生长指标下降。
在繁殖特征上:入侵地棒花鱼、麦穗鱼和子陵吻鰕虎鱼的繁殖起始时间与原产地相似,但繁殖结束时间明显滞后,从而表现为繁殖持续时间的延长,其中麦穗鱼的繁殖活动甚至出现了明显的时间间隔; 入侵地棒花鱼和麦穗鱼的初次性成熟年龄与原产地相同,但初次性成熟个体大小增大; 入侵地棒花鱼个体繁殖力增大,但麦穗鱼和子陵吻鰕虎鱼的个体繁殖力减小。
结果表明,入侵地中这三种外来鱼类生活史对策上的适应性变动情况既存在共性,也存在差异。这种生活史对策上的变化是外来鱼类对抚仙湖环境的一种适应性进化响应,而不同鱼类在生活史对策变化上的差异与它们遗传特征和空间分布相关。
In the present study, life-history strategies of the invasive populations (in Lake Fuxian) and the original populations (in Lake Chao and Lake Dongting) of three species, Abbottina rivularis, Pseudorasbora parva and Rhinogobius giurinus, were analyzed, with their adaptive evolutionary responses to the environmental conditions in Lake Fuxian discussed. It was found that there had been some marked changes in these fishes’ life-history strategies after they were introduced to Lake Fuxian.
First, for the invasive populations, the maximum breeding age of A. rivularis increased, as well as the percentage of old individuals of P. parva, which meant the decrease of old individuals’ mortality. Annuli of pre-matured A. rivularis and matured P. parva were formed in winter in their original habitats; however, it was in March, April and May in the invaded habitat.
Second, the growth rate of A. rivularis increased in the invaded habitat, with larger body size and growth index than those in the original habitats. However, with smaller body size and growth index, the growth rate of P. parva decreased in the invaded habitat.
Third, in the invaded habitat, A. rivularis, P. parva and R. giurinus all had prolongation in their breeding durations, with the same initiation time but the delayed termination time of breeding activities. A. rivularis and P. parva began to mature at the age of 1+ years both in the invaded and original habitats. But the body sizes at maturity increased significantly in the invaded habitat. Additionally, the individual fecundity of A. rivularis increased significantly, but those of P. parva and R. giurinus decreased significantly.
These results showed that the three fishes experienced some similar changes in their life-history strategies, such as the breeding time, the annuli formation time, the
mortality of old individuals, etc. All these changes were adaptive evolutionary response to the environmental conditions in Lake Fuxian, including water temperature, nutrition, fishing stress, and native fishes compositions. These results also showed some different changes in their life-history traits for these fishes, such as fecundity and growth rate, which was due to the difference in their genetic traits and spatial distribution.
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