摘要
改革开放30年来,中国酒店业规模的快速增长,吸引了来自全球的目光,但规模的增长并未改善我国酒店业在世界酒店产业分工格局中的弱势地位。分析其原因,中国酒店业的粗放式增长模式、产业创新能力等现代产业要素的缺位是中国整个酒店业竞争力水平受限和实现可持续发展的主要瓶颈。从国家宏观政策来看,包括酒店在内的旅游业以事关国计民生的经济产业定位正式进入国家战略体系,并将旅游业的发展作为推动国家经济结构调整和促进发展方向转变的重要措施,并把旅游业作为促进我国区域协调发展的重要举措。在这样的制度背景下,我们应该如何通过酒店创新实现酒店业的理性发展成为一个突出的问题。同时,在过去的十年,对包括酒店企业在内的整个旅游业影响最为深远的莫过于信息技术所引起的酒店商业模型的变革和酒店业态的创新。
在这样的背景下,酒店创新逐渐成为各国旅游学者广泛关注的研究主题。然而,酒店创新还属于一个新兴的研究领域,其理论方面的研究比较零散,没有形成系统的理论体系。目前的研究大多数只是从酒店企业创新的影响因素识别、技术(尤其是信息通讯技术)对酒店创新的影响等方面展丌。很少有学者从酒店企业层面研究酒店创新的内涵特征、各因素是如何影响酒店企业实现创新的等方面进行深入研究,因而针对实践中如何促进酒店企业实现创新、酒店创新对酒店企业绩效存在怎样的影响等问题,尚无法从现有文献中找到满意的解答。理论和实践方面都亟待建立酒店企业创新的理论体系和酒店创新管理模式,以完善酒店创新理论并对酒店产业实践进行指导。因而,基于这样的研究背景和研究目的,本文在相关文献阅读和酒店企业实地调研基础上,提出了三个基本的研究问题：(1)酒店创新的内涵及影响酒店企业实现创新的因素有哪些；(2)这些因素如何作用于酒店创新；(3)酒店创新对酒店企业存在怎样的效应。
在研究逻辑上,以服务创新理论和旅游创新研究为基础,通过文献回顾从理论上提炼出影响酒店企业创新的关键因素,并通过对中国本土酒店企业进行实地调研,运用质性研究方法对调研获得的资料进行编码,初步提炼出符合中国本土酒店企业意志的酒店企业创新影响因素及效应的初始概念模型。以此为基础并结合已有的研究成果,本文对初始概念模型进行细化,构建酒店创新的影响因素与效应的理论模型,并提出相应的假设；通过大样本的问卷调查对所提出的理论假设进行实证研究；最后,根据实证检验的结果探讨我国酒店企业创新的相应管理建议。
本文的主要研究结论包括以下几方面：第一,酒店外部知识源与酒店内部资源对酒店创新均有正向的影响,且外部知识源对酒店创新的总效应更大；第二,吸收能力在酒店外部知识源影响酒店创新的过程中起部分中介作用；第三,酒店内部资源是酒店吸收能力形成的基础,且对酒店通过吸收能力利用外部知识的过程起部分中介作用,第四,酒店创新对酒店绩效起非常显著的促进作用。
围绕“酒店企业外部知识源——酒店企业内部资源——酒店吸收能力——酒店创新——酒店绩效”这一理论分析框架,本研究在以下四方面进行尝试性的创新性研究：
(1)详细剖析酒店创新概念的内涵,参考现有文献归纳酒店创新测度量表,并通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,验证并获得包含11个题项的符合中国本土酒店企业意志的酒店创新测度量表。研究表明酒店创新包括酒店产品／服务创新、酒店过程创新、酒店组织创新和酒店市场创新四个维度,
(2)首次明确地识别酒店外部知识源是酒店创新的重要影响因素之一。
通过质性研究和大样本的实证研究得出,酒店吸收能力在酒店外部知识源与酒店创新之间起显著的部分不中介作用,从而揭示外部知识源影响酒店创新的路径和内在机制,为研究酒店企业创新活动的本质过程提供新的视角,并为创建针对酒店企业创新特征的创新激励机制提供系统的理论和方法支持,并比以往更合理地解释“酒店企业内部没有研发部门”与“酒店企业创新”之间的矛盾问题。
(3)提出酒店创新对酒店绩效的影响作用研究。本研究得出,酒店创新对酒店绩效存在非常显著的积极影响,从而彰显创新是酒店企业提高绩效的必然选择。
(4)构建包含酒店外部知识源、酒店内部资源、酒店吸收能力、酒店绩效和酒店创新五大关键变量的酒店企业创新影响因素与效应的概念模型,并进行实证检验,从而构建遵循“资源——能力——绩效”逻辑的酒店企业创新影响因素与效应的分析框架。突破酒店创新研究领域里对酒店创新影响因素的逐一识别的研究局限,从理论上初步探索酒店企业进行创新的一般性规律和对酒店创新进行研究的分析框架,使创建适合酒店企业特色的创新管理方法成为可能。
It has been almost30years after the Reform of China, hotel industry has dramatically developed and has brought people's attention from all over the world. However, the solo increase of the hotel scale in China hasn't improved the weak position in the world hotel industry system. The mode of extensive economic growth in Chinese hotel industry and the absence of modern industry elements, such as innovative capacity, may influence the competitiveness and sustainable development of China's hotel industry. From the perspective of national macro policy, the State Council promulgated the Opinion on Accelerating the Development of Tourism, which definitely points out that, China's tourism industry which including hotel firms is becoming the strategic pillar industry of national economy and the modern service industry more satisfactory to people, and that the development of tourism shall be elevated from the industrial, departmental, and economic levels to the strategic level of national development. So how to achieve the rational and substaintional development of China's hotel industry through hotel innovating has become a prominent problem. Meanwhile, in the past decade, the changes in hotel business mode caused by ICT may be the most significantly and far-reaching impact in tourism industry. When we cheered by the patterns changes in hotel consumption influenced by Internet, the smart mobilephone has been becoming another prominently technical support for the development of hotel industry.
In this context, the hotel innovation is becoming a hot topic of tourism research in the world. The hotel innovation, however, is an emerging research area, the relevant researches of which havn't been formed into theoretical system. Currently, most of the relavant studies focused on the identification of factors that determine the innovative activities in hotel industry, especially focus on the effects of ICT on hotel innovation. Few scholars researched the firm-level characteristics of hotel innovation and how these determinants influence the innovation in hotel firms. Therefore, in terms of the determinants and effects of hotel innovation, reasonable and satisfied answers couldn't be obtained from the existing literatures. In order to improve the hotel management practice, it's necessary to research on the determinants of hotel innovation. Thus, according to the materials collected from literature review and spot research, the paper posed three detailed research questions:(1) concept, dimensions and determinants of hotel innovation;(2) how these factors influence the hotel innovation;(3) the effects of hotel innovation on hotel performance.
First of all, the research gained insight into determinants that may facilitate or impede the hotel innovation through surveying the recent burgeoning literatures that empirically examined the factors' effects on hotel innovation. Secondly, a qualitative study has been undertaken to explore how these factors affect the hotel's innovation activities in China Mainland, and then a conceptual framework for understanding the mechanism for hotel innovation and the effects of hotel innovation on hotel performance was presented; Tirdly, based on the theories of service innovation and tourism innovation, some hypotheses regarding the conceptual framwork have been proposed; Forthly, these hypotheses had been tested by using the data collected from survey; Finally, according to the results of empirical study, suggestions have been offered for the hotel innovation management.
Major findings were as follows:(1) hotel's external knowledge sources and internal resources have the positive impact on hotel innovation, and external knowledge sources exert greater influence on hotel innovation;(2) the effects of hotel's external knowledge soureces on hotel innovation were partly mediated by hotel's absorptive capacity;(3) hotel's internal resources are antecedents that affect potential and realized hotel's absorptive capacity;(4) hotel innovation has significantly positive effects on hotel performance.
The important contributions in the paper were as follows:(1) we explained and developed a multidimensional measure of hotel innovation. Second-order confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to demonstrate the convergent and discriminant validity of four dimensions of hotel innovation. Hotel innovation consists of four dimensions service/product innovation, process innovation, marketing innovation and managerial innovation;(2) the paper researched on the effects of hotel's external knowledge sources on hotel's innovation. The results showed that the effects of hotel's external knowledge soureces on hotel innovation were partly mediated by hotel's absorptive capacity, which is a fresh aspect for hotel innovation research. This result is helpful for us to explain why hotels have the innovation activities, even though there aren't R&D department in hotels;(3) the research proposed the effects of hotel innovation on hotel performance, and we argued that hotel innovation has a significantly positive effect on hotel performance, which highlights that innovation has an important role to improve the performance of hotel.
According to the logic of "resource-capacity-performace", the conceptual framework has been constructed to explore the relationship and interactions existing among the hotel's external knowledge sources, hotel's internal resources, hotel's absorptive capacities, hotel innovation and hotel performance. In summary, the above theoretical and empirical studies improve and enrich the hotel's innovation theory, which can provide the theoretical and practical guidelines for hotels and government.
引文
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