摘要
农村固废基质化利用技术,是通过对农村固体废弃物进行配伍、发酵等过程后,制成可用于栽培食用菌的基质,最终实现固体废弃物资源化利用目的的技术。本文主要是利用牛粪、大蒜秸秆等农村固废,将这些原料按照一定的配比混合,经过发酵、二次发酵后制成可用于栽培食用菌的基质,从而达到固体废弃物资源化利用的目的。通过基地实验和示范工程建设的研究结果表明：
①结合大理洱海流域当地的气候条件、经济水平,及当地农村固体废弃物的分布情况,可在洱海流域大规模栽培双孢蘑菇。可充分利用当地的农村固废如牛粪、大蒜秸秆、稻草等,在冬春季节可以大规模栽培双孢蘑菇,在夏季可以栽培高温蘑菇、鸡腿菇、草菇等。
②通过对牛粪及大蒜秸秆等农村固废,在不同条件下,多组配比基质化试验,成功栽培出了双孢蘑菇,并获得两种较优配方。配方一：干牛粪30%、大蒜秸杆30%、稻草节40%、每100公斤主料添加(石膏粉、过磷酸钙、米糠、尿素)1%,PH值8—8.5,含水率65%。配方二：干牛粪粉40%、大蒜秸杆40%、稻草节20%、每100公斤主料添加(石膏粉、过磷酸钙、米糠、尿素)1%,PH值7—7.5,含水率65%,可获得较高的经济收益。
③通过相关性分析,不同处理基质发酵过程中温度变化情况与气温高低关系不大,只与添加物质和腐熟控制条件有关。从试验结果可知,用于基质发酵的配料大蒜秸秆,对整个腐熟过程中温度变化的影响差异性不显著。本试验发酵腐熟过程,相对于自然发酵,时间大大缩短。
④在传统的双孢菇栽培过程中,由于大蒜秸秆中的大蒜素具有抑菌作用,所以没有添加过大蒜秸秆的。而在本次实验过程中,结合当地的环境条件,在基质中,添加了一定比例的大蒜秸秆,实验结果表明,添加一定比例的大蒜秸秆,同样可以栽培出双孢菇,且不会明显影响产量,在基质中添加0%--40%大蒜秸秆,可以栽培双孢蘑菇。
⑤通过基质化处理利用技术,牛粪含水率按照85%计算,每平方米菇床可处理利用干牛粪约11千克,鲜牛粪约为77千克,一年可处理770吨鲜牛粪。
The technology of substrate utilization in rural solid waste is carried out through the fermentation process; make the substrate which can be used for mushroom cultivation, in order to realize the purpose of solid waste utilization technology. We use the cow dung, garlic stalks and other rural solid waste, according to certain these materials mixing ratio, after fermentation, the secondary fermentation, make the substrate for mushroom cultivation. Through experiments and demonstration projects, we see that:
①With local climatic conditions, economic development, and local distribution of solid waste in rural areas, we can cultivate Agaricus bisporus in large-scale in Erhai Lake Basin. According to the actual local conditions, in the Dali area, we can take full advantage of the local rural solid waste such as cow dung, garlic stalks, straw, etc. In the winter season we can cultivate mushroom in a large-scale, and cultivate high temperature mushrooms, straw mushroom and so on in summer.
②We use the garlic straw and cow dung and other solid waste in rural areas, in different conditions, different proportions of research cultivate the Agaricus mushrooms successfully, and achieve two optimal formula. Formula One: dry cow dung 30%, garlic straw 30%, straw (16cm) 40%, gypsum powder, calcium superphosphate, rice bran, urea 1%, pH 8-8.5, water content 65%. Formula II:dry cow dung powder 40%, garlic straw 40%, straw(16cm)20%, gypsum powder, calcium superphosphate, rice bran, urea 1%, pH 7-7.5, water content 65%.We can obtain higher economic returns.
③Through the correlation analysis, we can see that during the fermentation process substrate temperature changes have nothing to do with the room temperature. From the experimental results, the ingredients of garlic straw have no influence on substrate fermentation. The temperature changes during the decomposition of differences were not significant. Decomposition of the fermentation process takes less than 10 days, as opposed to natural fermentation, time is greatly reduced.
④Agaricus bisporus cultivation in the traditional process, because of the the garlic straw have allicin in the antimicrobial effect, so there is no garlic straw added in the substrate. In this experiment, due to local environmental conditions for the utilization of garlic stalks, we added a certain proportion of the garlic stalks in Agaricus bisporus cultivation process. The experimental results show that in Agaricus bisporus cultivation process, adding a certain proportion of the garlic stalks, can also be cultivated out of Agaricus bisporus, and will not significantly affect the yield.
⑤The technology of substrate processing.(cow dung 85% water content) When we use per square meter Gu chuang,we can handle about 11 kg of dry cow dung, about 77 kg of fresh cow dung, and we can use of 770 tons of fresh cow dung a year.
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