摘要
针对旱作农业区农业生产中水资源不足和传统栽培条件下水分利用效率低的问题,设计不同覆膜方式,以及全膜双垄沟播(WCDR-PCF)不同时期覆膜的大田对比试验,对不同栽培措施下玉米的产量、农艺性状、干物质、叶面积指数以及土壤水分、温度进行研究。结果表明:
1.全膜双垄沟播栽培,尤其全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜能显著提前玉米生育进程,缩短物候期。全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜比全膜双垄沟播顶凌覆膜和播前覆膜全生育期缩短5d,较全膜平铺顶凌覆膜生育期缩短10d,比半膜覆盖全生育期缩短11～13d;全膜双垄沟播的顶凌覆膜和播前覆膜没有明显差异,全膜双垄沟播顶凌覆膜和播前覆膜较全膜平铺顶凌覆膜生育期缩短5d,较半膜覆盖生育期缩短6～8d。
2.全膜双垄沟播栽培,尤其全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜的株高,茎粗要高于其他处理。地膜覆盖度和覆膜时间对玉米株高,茎粗均有影响。随着地膜覆盖度的增加,玉米株高,茎粗呈现出增高的趋势,而且在相同覆膜条件下,覆膜越早玉米株高越高,而且趋于稳定的时间要早于其它处理。
3.全膜双垄沟播栽培能增加土壤含水量。7月份之前各处理的平均含水量表现为:全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜为14.35%,全膜双垄沟播顶凌覆膜为12.96%,全膜双垄沟播播前覆膜为11.82%,全膜平铺顶凌覆膜12.14%,全膜双垄沟播顶凌覆膜比全膜平铺顶凌覆膜高6.75%,由此可见全膜平铺顶凌覆膜虽然能起到很好的保墒作用,但不能有效的蓄积微小降雨,所以起不到很高效的增墒作用,而全膜双垄沟由于大小垄则能充分的利用微小降雨,使其下渗到作物根系周围,蓄存于土壤水库之中,增加膜下墒情,改善了农田的水分供给状况,提高了玉米生产的水分满足率和对水分的利用效率;同时全膜双垄沟秋覆膜降低了冬春季节土壤水分的无效蒸发,提高了作物有效耗水比(蒸腾/蒸发)。
4.在旱作农业区,地膜覆盖尤其全膜覆盖在提高地温上具有十分显著的作用,在6月份之前全膜覆盖的日均温高于半膜3～4℃,高于露地4～5℃,在6月之后所有处理的日均温相差不大,但在灌浆中后期全膜覆盖的日均温又高于半膜,半膜栽培又高于露地;不同时期覆膜的全膜双垄沟各处理和全膜平铺顶凌覆膜处理在提高日均温上并没有多大差异。
全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜在保持早春夜间地温方面有明显的优势,在5月份之前全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜的保温作用要好于全膜双垄沟播顶凌覆膜、全膜双垄沟播播前覆膜、全膜平铺顶凌覆膜,平均高1～2℃,高于半膜垄沟与半膜平铺2～3℃,比对照高3～4℃,而且阴天的保温作用要大于晴天,这对玉米苗期免受冻害起到积极的作用,缩短出苗时间和提高出苗率。
5.全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度在所测得三个时期均高于其他处理;而胞间CO_2浓度在拔节-大喇叭口期低于露地(CK),在其它的两个测定时期均高于其他处理,且变化稳定。
6.全膜双垄沟播栽培,尤其全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜较其他处理的百粒重、双穗率,穗行数、行粒数都有增加,穗长较长,穗较粗,秃顶长减少。
7.全膜双垄沟播具有良好的增产效果,尤其全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜的增产效果更加显著,相对于露地、全膜双垄沟顶凌覆膜、全膜双垄沟播前覆膜、全膜平铺顶凌覆膜分别增产313%、9.22%、17.61%、27.40%。全膜双垄沟秋覆膜比全膜双垄沟顶凌覆膜增产751.55kg/hm~2,增收977.02元,比半膜栽培平均增产3100kg/hm~2,增收4000元;全膜双垄沟播顶凌覆膜栽培与全膜平铺顶凌覆膜栽培相比,投入地膜数量一样,但玉米产量增加1162.35kg/hm~2,增收1511.06元(按现行市场价1.3元/kg计算)。
Considering the problem of insufficient water resources in agricultural production of farmland area and water use efficiency by traditional cultivation, the studies on the maize yield, agronomic traits, dry matter, leaf area index and soil moisture, temperature was conducted by different film-covering modes, as well as whole covering on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows (WCDR-PCF) at different stages. The results showed that:
1. Among the cultural conditions (pre-sowing covering, sluch covering, and autumn covering) of WCDR-PCF, the growth and development of corn was hastened and the phenophase was shortened correspondingly, especially the treatment of autumn covering. The growing period by autumn covering was shortened by 5 d compared to pre-sowing covering and sluch covering both of which had no significant difference and by 10 d compared to carvel-built and sluch covering and by 11～13 d compared to half film-covering modes; While the growing period by the pre-sowing covering and sluch covering WCDR-PCF was shortened by 5 d compared to carvel-built and sluch covering and by 6~8 d compared to half film-covering modes.
2. The time of plant height and stem diameter under the WCDR-PCF especially for autumn covering tending to be stable was earlier than other treatments.
3. WCDR-PCF could increase soil moisture. The average soil moisture of all treatments in July showed that: autumn covering was 14.35%, sluch covering was 12.96%, pre-sowing covering was 11.82% and carvel-built and sluch covering was 12.14%, which indicated carvel-built and sluch covering hadn't effect on accumulating the small rainfall and increasing moisture though it could conserve moisture, while WCDR-PCF could increase moisture and adjust the water condition and then raise the water use efficiency because the large and small furrows could make full use of the small rainfall and provide the water for the corn roots. In addition, WCDR-PCF with autumn covering could decrease the soil water evaporation in winter and spring and increase the corn ratio of transpiration / evaporation.
4. In drought area, film covering especially whole film covering played an important role in increasing the soil temperature, the average temperature of whole film covering was higher 3～4°C and 4～5°C than half film covering and open field cultivation respectively before June. After June the average temperature of all the treatments had not difference, but the average temperature of whole film covering was higher than that of half film covering, while the average temperature of half film covering was higher than that of open field cultivation. The changes about increasing average temperature between the treatments of WCDR-PCF and carvel-built and sluch covering had no significant difference.
The WCDR-PCF with autumn covering took advantage of keeping the temperature during early spring night, the WCDR-PCF with autumn covering could keep the temperature better than that with sluch covering, pre-sowing covering, carvel-built and sluch covering and the average temperature was higher 1～2℃than that of later treatments. In addition, the average temperature of WCDR-PCF with autumn covering was higher 2～3℃and 3～4℃than half film covering and open field cultivation before May. What's more, the temperature of that in cloudy was better in sunny, which had a positive effect on protect the corn seedlings from cold damaging so as to shorten the time of germination and increasing the germination rate.
5. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, cond of WCDR-PCF with autumn covering were all higher than other treatments during the three conducted stages; the CO_2 concentration between intercellular was higher than other treatments, but lower than open field cultivation during jointing to trumpet-shaped stage.
6. 100 grain weight, double spike rate, kernel rows and kernel per row by the WCDR-PCF with autumn covering was increased with the ear length longer, ear diameter bigger and bald patient lower.
7. The WCDR-PCF played an important role in increasing the maize yield, especially, WCDR-PCF with autumn covering could increase significantly yield compared to open field cultivation, WCDR-PCF of slush covering, pre-sowing covering and carvel-built covering with increasing 313%, 9.22%, 17.61%, 27.40%, respectively. The yield and economic income of the WCDR-PCF with autumn covering could be increased by 751.55 kg/hm~2, 977.02 Yuan/hm~2 and 3100 kg/hm~2, 4000 Yuan/hm~2 compared to WCDR-PCF of slush covering and half film covering, respectively. The maize yield of WCDR-PCF of slush covering was increased by 1162.35 kg/hm~2 and 1511.06 Yuan/hm~2 (the market price 1.3 Yuan/kg) compared to carvel-built covering.
引文
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