摘要
松嫩平原是我国重要的商品粮及畜牧业发展基地,但由于近年来人类社会活动的加强,导致该地域草地面积减少,植被退化严重,草地盐碱化程度加剧,严重限制了该地区草地畜牧业的可持续发展。本文通过研究松嫩盐碱化草地土壤冻融过程中水盐迁移过程、不同盐碱化程度草地水盐分布的时空格局,利用创建微生境、增加空间异质性、人工促进增加生物多样性及丰富度、适时种子介入与充分利用自然周期性规律等方法,为松嫩盐碱化草地改良提供一个方法快速有效、成本低廉、可持续及可推广的盐碱地改良方法。
论文实验部分在东北师范大学松嫩平原羊草草地野外实验站进行,研究松嫩不同盐碱化程度草地及土壤消融期的水分、盐分在时间与空间上的分布格局;研究扦插玉米秸秆并撒播多年生禾草种子,不同筑垄、翻耙,适时浅耙并撒播野大麦(Hordeum brevisublatum)等多种改良措施下盐碱裸地的植被恢复效果。
研究结果表明,松嫩盐碱化草地季节性冻融作用是诱发土壤发生盐碱化的重要原因之一。土壤冻结历时半年之久,在土壤冻结过程中,土壤水分表现为上渗型,携带深处的土壤盐分向上迁移,形成“隐蔽性积盐”。冻结层消融过程中,消融的水分向上和向下运移,向下水分因冻结层阻隔,在融冻过渡层上易形成滞水潴积现象,逐渐向上迁移的土壤水分带动深层土壤盐分向上运动,水分从地表蒸发,水中的盐分积聚于表层土壤,使表层土壤盐分增高,形成表层土壤盐分春季“大爆发”。与羊草草地相比,盐碱裸地在冻融过程中水分降低,表层盐分表聚强烈。改善盐碱裸地地表覆盖力能有效地减少水分蒸发,从而能抑制盐分表聚。松嫩盐碱化草地土壤水分与盐分受大陆性季风性气候特点的影响,表现了较强的季节动态变化规律。松嫩盐碱化草地表层土壤含水量在春秋季节较低,深层土壤含水量较高,四种生境中土壤剖面水分含量最高、随季节变化幅度最大的为芦苇群落(Phragmites australis community),其次是羊草群落(Leymus chinensis community),盐碱裸地变幅最小。盐碱化草地土壤剖面盐分基本上呈现“楔”形分布,羊草群落、朝鲜碱茅群落(Puccinellia chinampoensis community)和盐碱裸地三种生境土壤剖面盐分呈现出上高下低,而芦苇群落呈现出上低下高的分布。在春季蒸发拉力、植物蒸腾作用的作用下,土壤盐分表现出深层土壤盐分向上迁移,积聚在表层土壤中;而在夏季降水淋溶下,积累于土壤表面向下运动到深层,盐碱裸地与朝鲜碱茅群落土壤剖面盐分季节动态变化明显。6月末、7月初雨季初期,盐碱裸地表层土壤含盐量较低、含水量增高期是进行盐碱化草地改良的最佳时期。
对于中度盐碱化草地,深翻作业的改良效果并不显著。由于深翻的耕层较深,导致深层较高盐分的土壤翻至表层,同时易造成多年生植物死亡。对于中度盐碱化羊草草地的恢复应采取封育的措施,或对其实施浅耙。适时浅耙撒播野大麦改造盐碱裸地的方法快速、有效。适时对盐碱裸地进行浅耙并撒播野大麦,能改善土壤的理化性质,快速增加植被覆盖力。降水淋盐并为野大麦提供充足的水分,保证了野大麦种子萌发、定居并成功越冬。翌年一年生虎尾草能继续改善土壤理化环境,并对野大麦起到保育作用。野大麦分蘖能力较强,其无性繁殖和有性繁殖确保野大麦种群在盐碱裸地上得以维持。筑垄能快速地增加盐碱裸地覆盖力,达到植被快速建植的目的。盐碱裸地土壤种子库种子种类单一,数量匮乏,筑垄并提供种子源对于盐碱裸地植被建植更为快速和有效。筑小垄能更有效地增加土壤水分,降低土壤容重和土壤盐分,从而对植被恢复更为有利。扦插玉米秸秆并撒播多年生植物种子能快速恢复盐碱裸地植被。扦插玉米秸秆能创建适宜的安全立地或微生境(如扦插秸秆)利于初始植被重建,并有助于提供一个更好的、更安全的安全立地或微生境,利于后期植被恢复和演替。其较低廉的改良成本使大面积、大范围推广使用该方法称为可能。因此采用扦插玉米秸秆改良盐碱裸地,符合现代恢复生态学“恢复方法有效、成本低廉、效果可持续、操作简单易推广”的恢复原则,特别适宜于在其他区域中具有紧实土壤表面、干旱的、有盐碱影响的极度退化生态系统中推广应用。
The Songnen plain which is dominated by perennial Leymus chinensis, is one of the most important commodity grain and livestock industry in China. However, the L. chinensis grasslands have degraded as a result of overgrazing and reclamation. This research focuses on the seasonal movement and freeze-thawing period of water and salinity in different degraded and saline-alkalized grassland and bare patched. Further more, we adopt inserting corn stalk, making ridge, shallow harrowing in adapted time and Sowing Hordeum brevisublatum to revegetated the bare saline-alkaline patches. The major objectives of this research are exploring suitable methods with the advantage of effective, inexpensive and continuous, easy to operation and extend, for revegetating the bare saline-alkaline patches.
Through the research, soil freeze-thawing causes the soil saline-alkalized. The results showed that during the melting process of the two-way-frozen layer, the upper melts faster than the lower. The upper frozen layer of the bare saline-alkalined patch melts faster than that of L. chinensis community. The strong moisture evaporation brings serious water loss in the surface (0-20cm) and caused the upward movement of salt in deeper soil. The salt accumulated in the surface like“eruption”in the early spring, on the base of the potential salt accumulation in the frozen period. Compared with L. chinensis community, the salt assembled in the surface is rooted from the deeper soil profiles and its level of salification is more intensive in the bare saline-alkaline patch.
The movement of soil water and saline represents obvious seasonal dynamic influenced by continental monsoon climate in Songnen saline-alkalized grassland. The surface soil moisture is lower in spring and autumn, but higher in summer. The most content of soil moisture and the largest range of change lie in Phragmites australis community, and then L. chinensis community, the bare saline-alkalized patch is the lastest among the four communities. The soil profile salinity distributions of L. chinensis community, Puccinellia chinampoensis community and bare saline-alkaline patch were like a cuneiform with high in the above and low underneath respectively, while Ph. australis is low in the above and high underneath. The salinity contents of soil profiles from high to low were bare saline-alkaline patch, P. chinampoensis, L. chinensis community and Ph. australis in the four different habitats. The salinity contents of soil profile of bare saline-alkaline patch and P. chinampoensis changed apparently with season. The salinity contents of soil accumulated in the surface in spring, and remove to the deep layer in the rainy season, while accumulated again slightly in autumn. Different distributions of the soil water and salinity contents in different times and areas depend on the physical features and vegetative coverage conditions in the four different habitats. According to the features of the soil water-salt dynamics in the surface of soil profiles in bare saline-alkaline patch,we draw the conclusion that it is the best time to take some measures to recover its vegetative cover in the early of July.
Deep harrowing for revegetation to moderate saline-alkalized grassland is not effective obviously. The biodiversity increases and the average coverage, the area especially the area of the perennial plant, the biomass of the perennial plant is higher than the other types. The close nursery is the best method to the restoration of the degraded grassland on contract of the methods of overgrazing and deep harrowing.
The surface soil salinity decreases and increases with the periodic precipitation. The surface soil salinity is the lowest in later July, so it is the very better chance for Hordeum brevisublatum to germinate, successfully establish in bare saline-alkali patch by sowing H. brevisublatum in the bare patch after shallow harrowing. The method of applying shallow harrow and sowing H. brevisbulatum is suitable to re-establish vegetation in bare saline-alkali patch in Songnen Grassland, which is effective, low cost, sustainable economic benefit and easy to operate.
The approach of revegetation in bare saline-alkali patches by ridging was effective, economic, and practicable. The ridge accumulated more precipitation to leach salinity from the surface soil to deep profile, and trapped sand particles and seeds carried by the wind, which provided a favourable micro site for seeds germination and seedlings growth. The operation of ridging plug litter speeded the establishment of vegetation, but the cost is more expensive. The narrow and high ridge meliorated more effectively the saline-alkali soil, and provided a more favorable micro site for the establishment of vegetation.
Vegetation was restored well in terms of the above-ground biomass and coverage. Inserted cornstalks acted as safe sites that enhanced the plant survival rate in bare saline-alkali patch; they also enhanced the ability to contain seed movement, thus providing a seed source for initial revegetation. Along with initial revegetation, tussocks around cornstalks can provide better safe sites, which in turn can accelerate subsequent vegetation restoration in bare saline-alkali patch. The approach entails the strategic use of diverse seed sources and the construction of safe sites with agricultural byproducts (cornstalks); therefore, it is a low-cost method and can be used on a widespread scale. The results provide vigorous support in favor of vegetation restoration in bare saline-alkali patch and severely degraded grasslands in the region. In practice, this approach can be used in degraded ecosystems with compacted soil surfaces (including arid and salt-affected soils) to promote revegetation in various regions.
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