摘要
企业成长一直是理论界和产业界十分关注的问题。尤其是近年来随着信息产业的快速发展,IT企业在整个经济体系中的地位十分重要,其成长问题更是日益引起人们的高度重视。IT企业如何才能在市场竞争持续激烈、技术创新日益加快的环境中健康成长,已成为理论研究和实务领域的重要问题。
本文通过大量的文献阅读分析,归纳总结了企业成长理论、企业生命周期理论的相关研究成果,以及我国IT企业成长的相关研究成果。其中重点研究了现代企业成长理论最具代表性的资源基础观企业成长理论,总结分析了关于企业资源能力体系的研究成果。资源基础观的企业成长理论认为企业成长的决定因素存在于企业内部,但没有顾及企业外部的各种影响因素,有一定的片面性。企业生命周期理论认为企业在其成长的不同阶段,关注的侧重点是不相同的,这尽管获得了广泛的认同,但只是停留在定性描述的层面上,缺乏基于大样本数据基础上实证分析的支持。
本文在理论研究和企业访谈的基础上,揭示了IT企业成长的影响因素,全面系统地考查了其中的关键因素。这些关键因素体系包括企业家魅力、战略管理能力、人力资源管理能力、市场营销能力、企业文化、技术创新能力和企业外部关系能力。在文献研究及征询企业管理者和资深行业专家意见之后,本文分别就这些关键影响因素和IT企业成长性建立了测量指标,进而设计出调查问卷,并进行了问卷调查。
本文借鉴已有的企业生命周期阶段划分方法,将我国IT企业生命周期划为四个阶段:创业阶段、快速发展阶段、相对稳定阶段和二次创业阶段,并对其中处于前三个阶段的IT企业成长性进行了研究。
在前述基础之上,本文通过使用SPSS统计软件对回收的调查问卷进行了统计分析,验证了调查问卷的信度和效度;采用结构方程模型分析方法,得出了我国IT企业在不同成长阶段,上述七类关键影响因素对企业成长性影响程度的变化;以及在同一成长阶段中,各类影响因素的相对重要性,并进行了排序。
本文所做研究在IT企业成长研究领域具有一定的探索性和开拓性,研究内容紧密结合我国IT企业发展实践,研究成果丰富了我国IT企业成长的实证研究,对IT企业管理实践具有一定的借鉴意义。
The issue of sustainability and growth of business enterprises has been regarded as fundamental concerns by academic circles and business communities. In recent years in particular, with the rapid development of information industries, IT enterprises have played an increasingly important role in the economy. As a result, how IT enterprises are started and grow up has drawn a higher degree of attention from both academic and practical perspectives. The key issue of concern is how IT companies can grow stronger and operate in a sustainable manner in a context in which fierce market competition and fast rate of technology innovation are taking place constantly. Based on the understanding and analysis of sufficient research literature and drawn upon the research achievements on IT enterprise growth in China, this paper summarizes the merits of enterprise theories and further develops the framework of enterprise life-cycle theories. It focuses its research effort on the resource-based theories of enterprise development which is the most representative of the contemporary theoretical analysis on business enterprise growth.The paper also highlights the main findings of research on resource-based analysis of the enterprise competencies. Conventional resource-based theory views the enterprise growth as determined by factors within the enterprises themselves, which apparently is an important progress. However, it shows limitation in not taking into account the varying external factors. Enterprise life-cycle theory believes that enterprises in different stages of growth should be studied with a different focus. This view has been widely accepted. Its weakness, though, lies in the fact that its approach is mostly qualitative, lacking sufficient support from quantitative analysis of the empirical data. This research has based its study on the existing theoretical framework and practical data collected from field interviews, by which a system composed of key factors on enterprise growth is developed. A variety of key factors affecting enterprise growth in different phases and scales are examined. These factors include personal charisma of entrepreneurs, strategic management competence, human resources management capability, marketing skills, capabilities for corporate culture, technology innovative capability and external relations management. A system of empirical data measurement for key factor analysis is developed on the basis of previous research literature and consultation with IT business professionals and senior industry experts. A comprehensive survey questionnaire is also designed within this measurement system.
Referring to the existing theories of enterprise life cycle, this paper interprets Chinese IT enterprises by four development phases: startup, high-speed growth, stabilized development and re-innovation. The research focuses on the growth patterns of the IT enterprises in their first three development phases.
Applying SPSS statistical software program to the analysis of the data collected, the reliability and validity of the questionnaire are tested and verified. The research explores and finds the degree of influence by the above-mentioned seven key factors to China’s IT enterprises in their different development stages. These key factors are also ranked in terms of the sequence of their importance.The findings of this research adds value to the empirical studies on China's IT enterprises’growth. It may help advance the management practices of the IT enterprises in China.
引文
[1] Adizes I. Managing Corporate Lifecycles. Prentice Hall, 1999
[2] Alchian A. Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic Theory. Journal of Political Economy, 1950, 58: 211-222
[3] R., Schoemaker P. J. H. Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 1993, 14: 33–46
[4] Anderson J.C., Gerbing D.W. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 1988, 103(3): 411-423
[5] Andrews K.R. The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood, IL., 1971
[6] Ansoff H. J. Corporate strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965
[7] Arthur J.B. Effects of Human Resources Systems on Manufacturing Performance and Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, , 1994, 37: 670-687
[8] Barney J. B. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 1991, 17: 99–120
[9] Barney J. B. Organizational culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage. of Management Review, 1986, 11 (July): 656–665
[10] Becker G. Human Capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964
[11] Bird A., Beechler S. Link Between Business Strategy and Human Resource Management Strategy in U.S.-Based Japanese Subsidiaries: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 1995, 1: 23-46
[12] Black J. A., Boal K. B. Strategic resources: Traits, configurations and paths to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 1994, 15 (Special Issue): 131–148
[13] Brynjolfsson E., Kemerer C. Network Externalities in the Microcomputer Software: An Econometric Analysis Of the Spreadsheet. Market Management Science, 1996, 42
[14] Chamberlin E. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1933
[15] Churchill N.C., Lewis V. L. The five stages of small business growth. Harvard Business Review, 1983, 61(3): 30-50
[16] Coase. The Nature of the Firm. Economica, 1937
[17] Conner K. An historical comparison of resource-based logic and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm here. Journal of Management, 1991, 17: 121–154
[18] Das T. K., Teng B.S. A resource-based theory of strategic alliances. Journal of Management, 2000, 26: 31-61
[19] Deng Z, Lev B., Narin F. Intangible Assets: Values, Measures, and Risks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003
[20] Dyer W. G. Cultural change in family firms. Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1986
[21] Grant R. M. The resource-based theory of competitive advantage. California Management Review, 1991, 33 (3): 114–135
[22] Gregory G. D, Lumpkin G. T. Strategic Management: Creating Competitive Advantage. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003
[23] Greiner L. Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Harvard Business Review, 1972, 50: 37 - 46
[24] Hall R. A framework linking intangibles resources and capabilities to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 1993, 14: 607-618
[25] Hall R. The strategic analysis of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 1992, 13(2): 135–144
[26] Hanks S H. Tightening the life-Cycle Construct: A Taxonomic Study of Growth Stage Configurations in High-Technology Organizations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1993, 18
[27] Harrison R. Understanding your organization’s character. Harvard Business Review, 1972, 3: 119-28
[28] Henderson R., Cockburn I. Measuring competence? exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research. Strategic Management Journal, 1994, 15, 63–84
[29] Hitt M. A., Hoskisson R. E., Kim, H. International diversification: effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal, 1997, 31: 771-801
[30] Hodgson, Geoffery M. Economics and institutions: A manifesto for a modern institutional economics. Cambridge: Polity Press, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988
[31] Hofstede G. Culture's consequences. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980
[32] Huselid M.A. The impact of human resources management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 1995, 38: 635-672
[33] Jones C. I. R&D-based Models of Economic Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 1995, 103
[34] Kazanjian R. K. Realition of dominant problems to stages of growth in technology - based new vemures. Academy of Management Journal, 1988, 31(2): 257 - 279
[35] Kazanjian R. K. Realization of Dominant Problems to Stages of Growth in Technology - based New Ventures. Academy of Management Journal, 1988, 31(2)
[36] Lng L., Poulsen A., Stulz R. Asset sales, firm performance, and the agency costs of managerial discretion. Journal of Financial Economics, 1995, 37(1): 3-37
[37] Likert R. The human organization. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967
[38] Lippitt G. L., Sehmidt W.H. Crisis in a developing organization. Harvard Business Review, 1967, 45: 102- 112.
[39] Lippitt G. Organizational renewal (Second Edition.). New York: Prentice-Hall, 1982
[40] Lippman S., Rumelt R. P. Uncertainty imitability: An analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition. Bell Journal of Economics, 1982, 13: 418–453
[41] Litwin G. H., Stringer, R. A. Motivation and organizational climate. Boston: Harvard Business School Div. of Res., 1968
[42] Maritan C. A., Schnatterly K. Intangible Assets as Drivers of Value: Technology, Capabilities, and Management Systems. Working Paper., SUNY-Buffalo and Univ. of Minnesota, 2002
[43] Miller D., Friesen P.H. A longitudinal study of the corporate life cycle. Management Science, 1984, 30: 1161 - 1183
[44] Miller D., Shamsie J. The resource-based view of the firm in two environments: The Hollywood film studios from 1936–1965. Academy of Management Journal, 1996, 39: 519–543
[45] Mintzberg H., Waters J. Of strategies, deliberate and emergent. Strategic Management Journal, 1985, 6(13): 257-72
[46] Nelson R., Winter S. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1982
[47] Penrose Edith. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959
[48] Peter F D. Management: Tasks, responsibilities, practices. New York:Haer&Row Press, 1973
[49] Peteraf M. A. The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 1993, 14: 179–191
[50] Peters T. J., Waterman R.H. In search of excellence. New York: Harper & Row, 1982
[51] Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. London: Macmillan Press, 1990
[52] Prahalad S., Hamel G. The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 1990, 5: 79-91
[53] Quinn R. E., Cameron K. S. Organizational life cycle and shifting criteria of effectiveness:some preliminary evidence. Management Science, 1983, 29: 33 -51
[54] Richardson. The Organization of Industry. Economic Journal, 1972
[55] Robert M. G. Contemporary Strategic Analysis: Concepts, Techniques, Application (Third Edition). New Jersey: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1998
[56] Robinson J. The Economics of Imperfect Competition. London: Macmillan, 1933
[57] Rumelt R. P. Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship, In The competitive challenge. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing, 1987, 137–158
[58] Schumpeter. The Theory of Economic Development, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1934
[59] Science and Technology as Predictors of Stock Performance
[60] Scott B.R. Stages of Corporate Development-Part 1,Case No.9-371-294. Intercollegiate Case Clearing House, Boston, Mass., 1971
[61] Smith A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of nations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1776, 1
[62] Smith K. G., Mitchell T. R. Top level management priorities in different stages of the organizational life cycle. CE Summer - Academy of Management Journal, 1985, 28(4): 799-820
[63] Solvay J., Sanglier M A model of the growth of corporate productivity. International Business Review, 1998, 7(5): 463-481
[64] Steinmetz, Lawrence L. Critical stages of small business growth : When they occur and how to survive them. Business Horizons, 1969, 12(1): 29-36
[65] Tomer J.F. Organizational Capital. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1987
[66] Wernerfelt B. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 1984, 5: 171–180
[67] Williamson Oliver E. Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis Antitrust Implications. New York: Free Press, 1975
[68] Youndt M.A., Snell J.W., Dean J.W., Lepark D.P. Human Resource Management, Manufacturing Strategy, and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 1996, 39(4): 836-866
[69]宝贡敏.现代企业战略管理.郑州:河南人民出版社, 2001
[70]蔡宁等.论中小企业的成长性及其衡量.社会科学战线, 2001
[71]岑成德.上市公司成长性的实证研究.商业研究, 2002, 15
[72]陈佳贵.关于企业生命周期与企业蜕变的探讨.中国工业经济, 1995, 11
[73]陈晓红,彭佳,吴小谨.基于突变级数法的中小企业成长性评价模型研究.财经研究, 2004, 11
[75]杜纲,姚长佳,王军平.企业能力的关键维度及分析模型.天津大学学报(社会科学版), 2002, 4(2): 105-109
[76]杜纲,姚长佳,王义兴.企业能力的关键维度及其指标体系.数量经济技术经济研究, 2001, 11
[77]樊刚,张晓晶.全球视野下的中国信息经济:发展与挑战.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2003
[78]范柏乃,沈荣芳,陈德棉.中国风险企业成长性评价指标体系研究.科研管理, 2001, 1
[79]范柏乃等.中国风险企业成长性评价指标体系研究.科研管理, 2001
[80]凤进,韦小柯.西方企业生命周期理论比较.商业研究, 2003, 7
[81]弗洛姆兹.增长的痛苦.北京:中国经济出版社, 1998
[82]郭蕊.企业可持续成长能力的关键纬度及分析模型.科学学与科学技术管理, 2005, 11
[83]韩太祥.企业成长理论综述.经济学动态, 2002, 5
[84]韩永学.企业生命周期的二阶段多重性周期曲线与混沌边界管理.商业经济与管理, 2004, 1
[85]金碚.中国企业竞争力报告.社会科学文献出版社, 2003
[85]企业进化机制研究.北京:北京图书馆出版社, 2001
[86]李业.企业生命周期的修正模型及思考.企业经营管理, 2000, 2
[87]刘晔,彭正龙.企业进化的基因结构模型及其启示.商业经济与管理, 2006, 174
[88]陆正飞,辛宇.上市公司资本结构主要影响因素之实证研究.会计研究, 1998, 8
[89]马宁等.我国高新技术企业规模与创新分布.管理科学学报, 2001, 1
[90]马歇尔.经济学原理(朱志泰译).北京:商务印书馆, 1965
[91]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.北京:华夏出版社, 1997
[92]冒乔玲.构建企业成长性评价指标初探.南京工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2002, 4: 65-67
[93]钱德勒.看得见得手—美国企业的管理革命(重武译).北京:商务印书馆, 1987
[94]萨克森宁.地区优势:硅谷和128号公路地区的文化与竞争.上海:远东出版社, 1991
[95]萨缪尔森.经济学(肖琛译).北京:华夏出版社, 1999
[96]宋春红,苏敬勤.市场营销与企业发展.技术经济与管理研究, 1999, 4
[97]宋旭琴.企业战略管理能力测度研究.科技与管理, 2006, 6
[98]隋波,薛惠锋.企业成长评价模型.系统工程, 2005, 23(6)
[99]陶长琪. IT企业成长的机理研究.江西财经大学, 2004
[100]王朝东.亚信公司的企业成长及其启示.清华大学博士论文, 2005
[101]王德禄,俞雷.企业创新特征与企业成长阶段模型分析.商业研究, 2000, 9
[102]王国顺,郑准.战略联盟内企业组织学习绩效的影响因素分析.现代管理科学, 2007, 4
[103]王巍.电子商务企业的成长阶段及其分析.电子商务, 2002
[104]王兴元,王毅.高科技品牌企业等级划分及成长策略模型.管理学报, 2005, 2(3)
[105]王迎军.企业资源与竞争优势.南开管理评论, 1998, 1: 34
[106]王咏梅.上市公司资产组合实证研究.数量经济技术经济研究, 2003, 8
[107]王竹.企业成长性模型及评估体系研究.福建行政学院福建经济管理干部学院学报, 2003, 1
[108]魏光兴.企业生命周期理论综述及简评.生产力研究, 2005, 6
[109]乌家培.经济信息与信息经济.北京:中国经济出版社, 1991
[110]邬爱其,贾生华.国外企业成长理论研究框架探析.外国经济与管理, 2002, 24(12)
[111]吴运建,周良毅.企业技术创新能力测度综述.科学学与科学技术管理, 1995, 16(10)
[112]吴正刚,韩玉启,周业铮,孟庆良.复杂环境下企业能力演化机理研究.科学学与科学技术管理, 2004, 25(9): 119-123
[113]肖海林.企业生命周期理论的硬伤.经济管理, 2003, 8
[114]谢光亚,杨瑛.中国IT企业国际化成长动因及模式研究.国际经贸探索, 2006
[115]谢科范,罗险峰.企业寿命周期分析.武汉汽车工业大学学报, 1999, 6
[116]熊义杰.企业生命周期分析方法研究.数理统计与管理, 2000, 3
[117]徐国祥,檀向球,胡穗华.上市公司经营业绩综合评价及其实证研究.统计研究, 2000, 9
[118]徐晔.企业成长的因素分析-基于我国上市企业的实证研究.科技进步与对策, 2004
[119]薛求知,徐忠伟.企业生命周期理论:一个系统的解析.浙江社会科学, 2005, 9
[120]杨杜.企业成长论M.北京:人民大学出版社, 1995
[121]姚望春.高科技企业成长研究.首都经济贸易大学, 2006
[122]伊查克·爱迪思.企业生命周期.北京:华夏出版社, 2004
[123]余菁. IT企业发展战略.北京:经济管理出版社, 2002
[124]余伟萍.基于能力组合模型的企业持续发展研究.博士论文, 2004
[125]张平淡,艾凤义.成长型企业的三级跃迁发展模型.山东理工大学学报(社会科学版), 2006, 22(1)
[126]张晓勇.企业成长状态评价指标体系研究.浙江大学博士论文, 2006
[127]赵定涛,雷明.动态环境下企业持续成长的模型与构建.管理科学, 2006, 19(1)
[128]赵晓.企业成长理论研究.北京大学博士学位论文, 1999
[129]赵晓阳.联想、长城、华为三种国际化模式.经理人内参, 2004
[130]赵宗更,王晓凤,郭凤兰.高新技术产业生态系统模型初探.经济师, 2004, 3
[131]郑昭磊.中小型高科技企业成长研究.哈尔滨工程大学, 2004
[132]钟任智.浅议生命阶段理论在分析企业成长中的利弊.商业研究. 2006, 336
[133]周晖,彭星闾.企业生命模型初探.中国软科学, 2000, 10
[134]周晖.企业生命模型研究.经济科学, 2002
[135]周寄中,薛刚.技术创新风险管理的分类与识别.科学学研究, 2002, 20(2)
[136]周可,顾力刚.基于生命周期的企业成长模型研究.商业研究, 2006, 456
