摘要
话题和话题转换是现代语言学中两个基本概念，关于话题的研究一直是一个受到学术界广泛关注的热门课题。经过将近半个世纪的摸索，学术界逐渐开始把精力集中到几个关键性问题上，如话题和主语的分野和纠葛、话题和焦点的制约和转换，话题的表达形式和语义关系、设立次话题的理由及次次话题的两重性等等。但是到目前为止，对于话题学术界都没有一个明确统一的定义，特定篇章中的话题及话题转换现象也很少被提及。笔者试图在现有研究成果的基础上，以人物介绍篇章为切入点，用分析具体语言材料的方法来分析话题和话题转换的关系，从微观上探索话题与话题转换问题，以期从宏观上为话题与话题转换问题的讨论开辟新视角。
本文分为三大部分，在第一部分中，笔者系统考察了人物介绍篇章中话题的定义，认为话题是一个语用层面的概念，是句子信息结构的组成成分。话题表示一定的话语功能，具有篇章特征，必须在动态的语境中才能确定。话题作为一个话语概念，具有延续性。它的管辖范围可以延续到它所在的语句后面的几个、十几个语句甚至整个篇章。在第二部分中。笔者详细分析了人物介绍篇章中话题与语句的成分、特殊的旬式和语句的VP之间的关系。并认为在人物介绍篇章这种特定的环境中，作为语用平面的成分，应当针对篇章和语句两个不同的层面设定不同的话题体系。除了已经得到设立的语句层面上的主话题和次话题概念之外，作为已知信息和被说明对象，还在篇章层面上应当设立总话题和分话题两个新概念，总话题是篇章所要说明和描述的人物。分话题则既可以在篇章这个宏观层次上充当说陈述、说明的部分(comments)，又在语句这个微观层次上充当被陈述、被说明的对象(About ness)。在第三部分中，在这些不同体系得到设定之后，笔者又分别做了分析，集中讨论了极具代表性的总话题和分话题的转换，在这种转换中存在着两种不同的情况：总话题转换为时间／地点状语和总话题以外的NP，前者是最为普遍的转换形式；后者则又另有不同的特殊性。本文通过对具体语言材料的分析对这几种情况进行了评述。
Topic and Topic Conversion are two basic conceptions in Modern linguistics. The research about Topic has been an important and hot task that well concentrated by the sphere of learning, After more than fifty years' study, the sphere of learning are focusing on some key problem, such as Topic and Subject, Topic and Focus, The form and the semantics relationship of Topic, The reason of setting up Sub-Topic and so on gradually. However, the sphere of learning cannot afford a clear and certain definition to Topic by now. Topic and Topic Conversion in special texts is seldom mentioned either. Starting with personage introduction texts, on the basis of achievement now available, the author tries to analyze the relationship of Topic and Topic Conversion by analyzing specific language materials. Studies Topic and Topic Conversion microcosmically and tries to open up new angles of view for the research to Topic and Topic Conversion macrocosmically.
This thesis can be divided into three parts. In the first part, the author observes and investigates the definition of Topic in personage introduction texts systematically. Topic is a definition of pragmatics, a part of Information structure. Topic shows certain conversational function and has compositional characters. It has to be confirmed in dynamic circumstances. As a conversational conception, Topic has continuity. It has a compass of competency that can cover several sentences, even the whole text. In the second part, the author analyzes the relationship between Topic and the component parts of sentence, Topic and special sentence style, Topic and the VP of sentence in personage introduction texts carefully. In the author's opinion, in view of different tiers of this special type of text, different Topic systems should be set up. Besides Main Topic and Subtopic that had been set up on the tier of sentence, as information known and about ness, Overall Topic and Separated Topic should be set up on the tier of text. Overall Topic is the personage the described and illustrated by the text. Separated Topic is
comments on the tier of text. It is also about ness on the tier of sentence. In the third part, after all these Topic systems had been set up, the author analyzes the conversion of them separately, focused on the conversion between Overall Topic and Separated Topic, which is representative. Two different kinds of circumstances exist in such conversion. Overall Topic converses to time/ location adverbial and NP besides Overall Topic. Former one is the conversion that appears most frequently and later one has its own specialty. This thesis illustrates and reviews these circumstances through analyzing specific language materials.
引文
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