摘要
进入21世纪,我国村镇经济发展迅速,村镇居民对居住环境的要求越来越高。据有关资料显示:尽管村镇居民经济承受能力较低,能源消费水平低,住宅耗能却占村镇能耗的60%以上。因此,如何降低村镇住宅建筑能耗是摆在我们面前亟待解决的问题。本文依托重庆市建委科技计划项目(城科字2009第24号),对改善重庆地区村镇住宅热湿环境的节能围护结构进行研究,结合重庆村镇地区的资源状况、气候特点和经济水平推荐给出热工性能良好、经济可行、施工方便、环境友好的村镇节能围护结构,推动村镇住宅建设走可持续发展道路。
本文首先对重庆村镇地区展开实地调研,收集了重庆地区村镇住宅现有围护结构的典型类型,发现村镇地区目前应用最为普遍的围护结构组合方式为:坡屋顶、心红砖墙、木质窗框单层浅色玻璃、内外实木门。
然后,对村镇住宅典型墙体形式进行热工性能计算分析:墙体热工性能最好的是180实心红砖墙内外水泥砂浆、外贴瓷砖的组合方式,其传热系数k=1.531w/m2.k,热惰性指标D=3.03,但热工性能远未达到《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》关于外墙k≤1.5,D≥3.0或K≤1.0,D≥2.5节能50%的标准,更达不到重庆节能65%的地标。并分析了调研问卷和现场测试数据:自然通风条件下夏季室内外温差相差很小,温差小于3℃的占调研样本总数的90%;相对湿度在65%以上占调研样本总数的72%,村镇居民对室内热湿环境不满意率达79%,迫切希望改善室内热湿环境。
选择目前重庆地区围护结构热工性能较好和应用最为普遍的村镇住宅,对典型房屋进行室内外全年温湿度的连续监测,获得了实际使用条件下重庆村镇住宅室内的热湿环境参数,并利用重庆地区自然通风的适应性热舒适评价模型对全年实测数据进行评价:冬季达到舒适温度的天数分别只有6天和2天;夏季达到舒适温度范围的天数为53天和72天。
根据正交试验原理,使用DeST-h软件对重庆地区村镇住宅围护结构进行优化模拟实验,筛选出坡屋顶、180实心墙、内外水泥砂浆抹灰的围护结构形式为目前村镇地区的较优方案。并对较优方案中对墙体砌筑方式和保温砂浆两方面进行优选,确定出适合于重庆地区村镇地域特点和经济水平的围护结构优化方案为坡屋顶、240空斗墙(稻壳填充)、稻壳砂浆内外抹灰。
最后对优化后的墙体进行传热系数测试,传热系数为1.326 W/m2.℃,比重庆地区村镇住宅现有热工性能较好的180mm红砖实心墙内外水泥砂浆抹灰墙的传热系数低0.286 W/m2.℃。模拟全年在自然通风条件下的舒适温度天数为138天,比现有热工性能较好的围护结构住宅多3天,在夏季室内平均温度基本保持不变的情况下冬季平均室温升高0.3℃。室内热湿环境条件有所改善。
In the past twenty years, With the process of chinese rural reform ,opening up and the implementation of agricultural incentives,the rural economy and living standards have been improved markly . village socio-economic and technological development is accelerating, living standards of rural residents are also increasingly high requirements. However, according to the data shows that: the residential energy consumption accounts for 60% of villages and towns total energy consumption, and almost none of the energy of the relevant standards related to this area. Therefore, how to reduce energy consumption of residential buildings in towns and villages is urgent problem in front of us. If we do not fundamentally solve the problem, the region will be repeated a large number of high-low energy consumption of residential comfort. However, due to economic conditions in the region can not copy from the city limits of various energy conservation measures, must be combined with the resource situation of rural areas, climate and the economic level of thermal performance and then given a good recommendation, economically feasible, construction convenient, environmentally friendly rural energy envelope, take the road of sustainable development.
This article relies on supported by Urban and Rural Construction Commission, Chongqing City Construction Projects, firstly a collection of villages and towns in Chongqing typical residential building envelope of existing species been collected. The roof have three types of which are sloping roof, the roof of water storage, flat roof; some kinds of wall are 180(120)thick brick walls, 190 single row of holes hollow concrete brick, rubble walls, etc. red brick and hollow concrete brick wall most widely used; and the glass types are mostly single-colored glass windows, wooden window frames, sometimes aluminum window frames can be seen, the whole of this windows have no shading measures; door mostly solid wood, a few iron door. By thermal calculation found that the best is 180 solid red brick walls, inside and outside the cement mortar, external tiling, and the heat transfer coefficient is 1.531w/m2.k, the thermal inertia index is 3.03. However, the existing rural residential form of enclosure can not reach the relevant energy-saving standards.
Through the questionnaire survey found that 89% of the rural residents dissatisfied with the indoor thermal comfort are eager to improve the indoor thermal environment, therefore to strengthen the retaining structure of rural areas is urgent and necessary.
By this typical rural house of Chongqing indoor and outdoor housing for continuous monitoring of temperature and humidity throughout the year found that in Chongqing winter is cold but summer is hot, towns and villages housing conditions in the existing envelope of indoor and outdoor relative humidity throughout the year, almost all the above 60%; in natural ventilation for comfortable indoor temperature reaches the temperature range of winter days were only 6 days and 2 days; summer comfort temperature range to reach the number of days 72 days 53 days. So winter indoor thermal environment of residential village is very bad.
Finally, combining theory with orthogonal test simulation software DeST-h and the use of adaptive Chongqing building ventilation standards for thermal comfort evaluation, determined the slope of the roof, Sloping roof, 240 Cavity Wall (rice husk filled), rice husk mortar plastering inside and outside the form is a combination of rural areas in the existing program of optimum combination of envelope combinations. Measured the optimal design wall of heat transfer coefficient is 1.326 W/m2.℃, lower than the normal rural residential walls. So it can be promote to use in Chongqing rural areas.
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