摘要
随着社会经济的发展,水资源短缺问题日益突出,跨流域调水是解决水资源时空分布不均的一条有效途径。有不少学者对跨流域调水问题进行了多方面的研究,并取得了显著的效果。但由于跨流域调水的复杂性、所涉及问题的综合多样性以及各跨流域调水系统自身具体情况的不同,使得到目前为止,已有的成果仍不能完全解决跨流域调水系统所面临的一些现实问题,仍需进一步丰富、发展和完善。本文以水资源可持续利用为基本指导思想,结合系统工程理论,运用模糊数学、神经网络等数学工具,对跨流域调水系统中水资源供需平衡分析、区域水资源优化配置、水环境保护和水价等问题进行了较为深入的研究,并以南水北调中线工程和引滦入津调水系统为对象进行了一定的实例分析。本研究不仅对跨流域调水系统的综合管理具有普遍的应用和参考价值,而且对南水北调和引滦入津调水系统的综合管理决策具有直接的参考借鉴作用。
本文的主要研究内容如下:
1、系统归纳了水资源的定义与特征,分析了水资源的组成,探讨了水资源量计算的基本理论和方法,论述了采用定额法进行流域需水预测的合理性,并对南水北调中线工程受水区的水资源供需平衡进行了具体分析研究。
2、从水资源优化配置的概念、原则和模式出发,提出了水资源配置方案评价的模糊优选模型和BP神经网络模型;建立了包含社会、经济、资源、效率合理性四方面的水资源配置方案评价指标体系;对南水北调受水区内的天津市水资源优化配置问题进行了研究,为其水资源规划管理提供了参考依据。
3、对调水工程水质保护中污染物控制总量进行了研究,提出了水环境安全的概念,从污染源、水质和生态三个方面建立了水环境安全评价指标体系;并以引滦入津工程为例,应用二级模糊综合评判理论实现对跨流域调水系统的水环境安全状况综合评价;最后,针对跨流域调水系统存在的水环境问题和污染物总量控制的要求,建立了一套水质保护对策。
4、借鉴国外经验并结合我国特点,从水价分析、定价及实施三个方面入手,对跨流域调水系统的水价进行了研究,提出了基于分环节水价和三重构成水价的合理水价模型;针对目前跨流域调水系统水价计收中单一制水价的缺陷,阐述了两部制水价的优越性,提出了两部制水价的通用模型;通过南水北调中线工程实例验证,具有一定的可操作性,可对跨流域调水系统的水价研究与制定起到借鉴作用。
With the development of society, the crisis of water resources is more outstanding. interbasin water transfer (IWT)is one of measures which can effectively resolve the problem of waterr esources uneven spatio-temporal distributing.But that the complexity of IWT, the integration and varieties of involved factors, and the differences between each IWT system make the study on water resources management of IWT system haven't be systematical and perfect by now. In this paper, with the guidance of sustainabled evelopment idea, according to fuzzy mathematics, neural networks and other mathematics theory, and combining the system theory, some correlative theories and methods about the balance of water supply and damand, optimal allocation of water resources, water quality protection and water price are studied and applied to The Middle Route of South-to-North IWT system and Luanhe-Tianjin IWT system. The achievements of the study not only can provide all-pervading references for the comprehensive management of common IWT system, but which also supply the practical guidance to water resources comprehensive management and decision-making of The Middle Route of South-to-North IWT system and Luanhe-Tianjin IWT system.
The main achievements can be classified as follows:
1. The definition and characteristics of water resources are generalized systematically, the composition of water resources are analyzed, the rationality of norm method applied in water requirement forecast are discussed, at last the balance of water resources supply and damand of The Middle Route of South-to-North IWT system are analyzed.
2. From the definition, principle and mode of optional allocation of water resources, the multi-level fuzzy optimaization model and BP neural network model are uesd to evaluate the water resources allocation schemes, and the evaluation index system of water resources allocation schemes is established, including the four aspects of social rationality, economic rationality, resource rationality and efficiency rationality. Then the theory is applied to the analysis of water resources allocation in Tianjin city, the achievements provied evidence for the water resources planning and management of Tianjin city.
3. The pollutant gross control problem is studied in this paper, then the concept of water environment security is presented for the long-term work of water quality protection. The index system of water environment security evaluation is established in terms of pollution sources, water quality and ecology. On the background of Luanhe-Tianjin IWT system, two-level fuzzy comprehensive assessment model is used to evaluate status of water environment security of IWT system. According to the demand of pollutant gross control, the measures of water quality protection are advanced to solve the water environment problems of IWT system.
4. By referred to foreign experiences and combined with our country's actual condition, by researching on water price analysis, pricing and its implementation, this paper gives scientific analysis on the water price of IWT system, the rational water price model is established based on multi-tache water price and triple-structured water price. Considering the limitations of the single-part water price used in IWT system, the superiorities of the two-staged water price are expounded, and the general model for this kind of water price is put forward. Through applied in The Middle Route of South-to-North IWT, it is verified to be operable and helpful to the research and formulation of the water price of IWT system.
引文
[1]Editors B, Rebbia C A,Water Resources Management, Boston, WIT Press, 2001
[2]Biswas A K, Water for Sustainable Development in 21 Century, Adress to 7 Word Congress on Water Resource, Morocco: Water International, 1991, 16(4):84~91
[3]陆雪明,冯明祥,白霜,浅谈跨流域调水工程及应注意的问题,东北水利水电,2004,(9):21~23
[4]杨立信,刘国纬,国外调水工程,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003
[5]沈洪,国外调水工程纵横谈,四川水利,2000,21(5):56~58
[6]汪秀丽,国外流域和地区著名的调水工程,水利电力科技,2004,30(1):1~25
[7]赵志仁,郭晨,国内外引(调)水工程及其安全监测概述,水电自动化与大坝监测,2005,29(1):58~61
[8]沈佩君,邵东国,郭元裕,国内外跨流域调水工程建设的现状与前景,武汉水利电力大学学报,1995,28(5):463~469
[9]Zu yan-mei, South-North water diversion projects planned for China, International Journal on Hydropower & Dams, v 3, n 1, 1996, 47~49
[10]张国良,南水北调工程工程概况,水利水电施工,2005,(2):9~27
[11]张丽,水资源承载能力与生态需水量理论及应用,郑州:黄河水利出版社,2005
[12]清华万博网络技术股份有限公司,天津市引滦入津水源保护工程管理信息系统建设规划咨询及建设监理咨询报告(第一卷),2004
[13]刘满平,水资源利用与水环境保护工程,北京:中国建材工业出版社,2005
[14]朱骏武,水环境保护与水资源管理,中国环境管理,1993,(5):21~23
[15]方子云,邹家祥,郑连生,环境水利分册,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004
[16]陈利民,引滦工程供水与水价改革途径探讨,水利经济,2006,24(4):40~43
[17]赵金会,水资源可持续利用下的水价形成机制及相关问题研究:[硕士学位论文],天津;天津大学,2005
[18]李雪松,中国水资源制度研究,武昌:武汉大学出版社,2006
[19]汪恕诚,水权和水市场—谈实现水资源优化配置的经济手段,水电能源科学,2001,19(1):1~5
[20]H.Piegay, P.Dupont, J.A.Faby, Questions of Water Resources Management. Feedback on the Implementation of the French SAGE and SDAGE Plans (1992-2001), Water Policy, 2002,4(3):239~ 262
[21]冯耀龙、练继建、韩文秀,水价制定理论分析研究的一种新思路,水利水电技术,2001,32(6):23~25
[22]黄永基、马滇珍,区域水资源供需分析方法,南京:河海大学出版社,1990
[23]秦大庸、严登华,靖娟,水资源供需平衡分析在沈阳区域的应用探讨,中国水利,2007,(3):31~33
[24]张雅君,刘全胜,需水量预测方法的评析与择优,中国给水排水,2001, (17):7~9
[25]水利电力部水利水电规划设计院,中国水资源利用,北京:水利电力出版社,1989
[26]周忠一,区域水资源评价,北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996
[27]张子贤,关于可供水量定义及计算方法的讨论,人民长江,2002,33(7):27~29
[28]N.Brnus著,戴瑞国,冯尚友译,水资源科学分配,北京:水利电力出版社,1983
[29]D.Pearson, P.D.Walsh, The Derivation and Use of Control Curves for the Regional Allocation of Water Resources, Water Resources Research, 1982(7): 907～912
[30]P.W.Herbertson, W.J.Dovey, The Allocation of Fresh Water Resources of a Tidal estuary, Optimal Allocation of Water Resources (Proceedings of the Enter Symposium), 1982, 135
[31]G.Yeh, Reservoir Management and Operations Models, A State of the art Review, Water Resources Research, 1985(12):1797～1818
[32]Afzal, Javaid, Noble, Optimization model for alternative use of different quality irrigation waters, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1992, 118(2):218～228
[33]Wong, Hugh.S.Sun, Ne-zheng, Optimization of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater with water quality constrains, Proceedings of the Annual Water Resources Planning and Management Conference, 1997,408～413
[34]Shuval, Hillel.S, Optimizing wastewater reuse: A sustainable water resource for arid countries, International Water & Irrigation Review, 1997, 17(2):32～35
[35]Kumar, Arun.Minocha, Vijay.K, Fuzzy optimization model for water quality management of a river system, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 1999,125(3):179～180
[36]李雪平,国内外水资源配置研究概述,海河水利,2002(5):13～15
[37]尤祥瑜,谢新民,孙仕军等,我国水资源配置模型研究现状与展望,中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2004,2(2):131～140
[38]常炳炎,薛松贵,张会言等,黄河流域水资源合理分配和优化调度,郑州:黄河水利出版社,1998
[39]叶永毅,黄守信,水资源大系统优化规划与优化调度经验汇编,北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995
[40]冯尚友,刘国全,梅亚东,水资源生态经济复合系统及其持续发展,武汉水利电力大学学报,1995,28(6):624～629
[41]许新宜,王浩,甘泓等,华北地区宏观经济水资源规划理论与方法,郑州:黄河水利出版社,1997
[42]王浩,陈敏建,秦大庸等,西北地区水资源合理配置和承载能力研究,郑州:黄河水利出版社,2003
[43]尹明万,甘泓,汪党献等,智能型水供需平衡模型及其应用,水利学报,2000(10):71～76
[44]王浩,秦大庸,王建华,黄淮海流域水资源合理配置,北京:科学出版社,2004
[45]尹明万,谢新民,王浩等,安阳市水资源配置系统方案研究,中国水利,2003,(7):14～16
[46]谢新民,岳春芳,阮本清等,基于原水─净化水耦合配置的多目标递解控制模型,水利水电科技进展,2005,25(3):11～14
[47]陈宁,邴颂东,水能资源开发利用与区域可持续发展研究,水电能源科学,1998,16(4):36～40
[48]陈建耀,于静洁,区域调水规模的指标体系与PRED综合论证,地理研究,1999,18(4):373～381
[49]贾嵘,沈冰,蒋晓辉等,区域水资源潜力综合评判,西北农业大学学报,1999,27(5):44～48
[50]王慧敏,徐立中,流域可持续发展分析,水科学进展,2000,11(2):165～171
[51]惠泱河,黄土高原地区的可持续发展问题,西北大学学报,2000,30(4):340～344
[52]叶正波,基于三维一体的区域可持续发展指标体系构建理论,环境保护科学,2002,28(2):35～37
[53]裴源生,李云玲,于福亮,黄河置换水量的水权分配方法探讨,资源科学,2003,25(2):32～37
[54]刘宏,综合评价中指标权重确定方法研究,河北工业大学学报,1996,25(4):75～80
[55]蔡辉,倪宗瓒,主客观权重系数及其整合,中国医院统计,1997,4(1):1～3
[56]吴秀云,伏义淑,熵权和水轮机模糊综合最佳选型,武汉水利电力大学学报,1999,21(1):27～31
[57]王明文,群组决策中专家权重确定的主客观法,江西师范大学学报,1999,23(2):138～142
[58]时光新,王其昌,刘建强,变异系数法在小流域治理效益评价中的应用,水土保持通报,2000,20(6):1
[59]孙会君,王新华,应用人工神经网络确定评价指标的权重,山东科技大学学报,2001,20(3):84～86
[60]徐泽水,达庆利,多属性决策的组合赋权方法研究,中国管理科学,2002,10(2):84～87
[61]张海涛,雷晓东,张芳等,灰色关联度法在盘锦市曙光地区地下水质评价中的应用,世界地质,2005,24(1):68～71
[62]吴泽宁,左其亭,丁大发等,黄河流域水资源调控方案评价与优选模型,水科学进展,2005,16(5):735～740
[63]刘凌岩,投入-产出模型在水污染源预测中的应用,环境科技,1994,14(3):68~72
[64]焦锋,秦伯强,黄文钰,小流域水环境管理——以宜兴湖滏镇为例,2003,23(2):220~224
[65]Brion G M, Lingireddly S. Artificial neural network modelling: a summary of successful applications relative to microbial water quality. Wat Sci Tech, 2003, 47(3): 235~240
[66]李崇明,黄真理,三峡水库入库污染负荷研究,2006,15(1):97~106
[67]Vollenweider R A. Input-output models with special reference to the phosphorus loading concept in limnology. Schweiz Zeitschr Hydrol, 1975,(37):53~84
[68]李长孙,江西省水污染物总量控制及分配方案,江西水利科技,2005,31(3):153~156
[69]娄山崇,王立萍,刘祥栋等,山东省水功能区纳污能力及污染物总量控制分析,山东水利,2006,(4):25~27
[70]梁博,王晓燕,我国水环境污染物总量控制研究的现状与展望,首都师范大学学报,2005,26(1):93-96
[71]吴群河,牛红义,外部性理论与我国流域水环境管理的探讨,人民长江,2005,36(1):7~14
[72]雷玉桃,流域水环境管理的博弈分析,中国人口、资源与环境,2006,16(1):122~126
[73]仓恒瑾,许炼峰,李志安等,农业非点源污染控制中的最佳管理措施及其发展趋势,生态科学,2005,24(2):173~177
[74]Classen T, Maasdam R. Restoration of the broads-area aide feanen, the Netherlands measures and results. Wat Sci Tech, 1995,31(8):229~233
[75]Hu xiaozhen. Ecological engineering techniques for lake restoration in Japan. Individual Training, 2002
[76]张维昊,张锡辉,肖邦定,内陆水环境修复技术进展,上海环境科学,2003,22(11):811-815
[77]张文鸽,李会安,蔡大应,水环境质量评价的模糊综合评判方法,华北水利水电学院学报,2004,25(4):70~73
[78]陈武,李凡修,梅平,应用多目标决策-理想点法综合评价水环境质量,环境工程,2002,20(3)64~65
[79]李亚民,王路光,王靖飞等,等效数值法在地表水环境质量评价中的应用,河北环境保护,2005,(1):44~45
[80]Sudheer K P, Chaubey I, Garg V. Lake water quality assessment from Landsat thematic mapper data using neural network: An approach to optimal band combination selection. American Water Resources Association, 2006,42(6): 1683-1695
[81]L.D.James、R.R.Lee著,常锡厚译,水资源规划经济学,北京:水利电力出版社,1984
[82]Narayannan,R. and Beladi,H.,Feasibility of seasonal water pricing considering metering costs,Water Resources Research, 1987,23(6):1091~1099
[83]Moncur J.E.T.,Urban water pricing and drought management,Water resources reaearch, 1987,23(3):393~398
[84]Raftelis,G..A.and Van Duson,J.D.,Factors affecting water and wastewater rates. Public Works, 1988,118(2):61~62
[85]Tate Donald.M.,Water demand management in Canada:a state-of-art review,The Minister of Supply and Service,Canada.No.EN36-507/23E.Social Scinece Serices, 1990,(23): 60~69
[86]Schneider ML.User-Spacific Water Demand Elasticites,J.water Resour.Plann and Manage, 1991,117(1):34~36
[87]Murdock.S.H., Role of Sociodemographic Characteristics in Projections of Water Use ,Water Resources Planning and Management, 1991,117(2)
[88]Warford,Terey J.,资源、环境管理与经济发展,中国人口、资源与环境,1992, (1):78
[89]Michael.L.,Estimating Urban Residential Water Demand:Effects of Price Structure,Conservation and Education,Water Resources Research,1992,28(3): 609~615
[90]Teerink.J.R.and M.Nakashima,Water allocation,Rights,and Pricing:Examples from Japan and the Uniated States,World Bank paper No.198, Washington, D.C, World Bank,1993
[91]Eva Roth, Water Pricing in the EUA Review, the European Enviromental Bureau, 2001, (5)
[92]Peter Rogers, Radhika de Silva and Ramesh Bhatia,Water is an economic good: How to use prices to promote equity, efficiency, and sustainability,Water Policy, 2002,4(1):1~17
[93]刑相勤,李世祥,中国水价研究的若干进展,理论月刊,2006,(12):71~74
[94]陈纪平,中国资源经济研究:过去、现在与未来,西安石油学院学报,2002,(5):16~20
[95]李金昌,资源核算论,北京:海洋出版社,1991
[96]胡昌暖,资源价格研究,北京:中国物价出版社,1993
[97]姜文来,水资源价值论,北京:科学出版社,1998
[98]王浩、阮本清、沈大军,面向可持续发展的水价理论与实践,北京:科学出版社,2003
[99]温桂芳,关于水价若干问题的认识,中国物价,2000,(5):13~17
[100]沈佩君、张志明、郭元裕,跨流域调水工程投资分摊方法的探讨,武汉水利电力大学学报,1998,31(1):1~5
[101]王宏江,跨流域调水工程水价问题研究(一),海河水利,2004,(2):60~62
[102]王宏江,跨流域调水工程水价问题研究(二),海河水利,2004,(3):61~63
[103]叶新霞、贾仁甫、蒋维等,跨流域调水水价问题研究,人民黄河,2005,27(12):62~64
[104]陈家琦、王浩,水资源学概论,北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996
[105]成立、刘昌明,水资源及其内涵的研究现状和时间维的探讨,水科学进展, 2000,11(2):1~5
[106]詹道江、叶守泽,工程水文学(第三版),北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000
[107]水利部南水北调规划设计管理局,《南水北调中线工程规划》,2001
[108]水利部南水北调规划设计管理局,南水北调工程总体规划,2003
[109]水利部海河水利委员会,《海河流域水资源规划》,2001
[110]乔刚,生态价值观——人与自然协调发展的必然价值取向,武汉大学环境法研究所基地会议论文集,2003
[111]任光照,水资源可持续利用与合理配置,资源管理,2001,(2):11~13
[112]冯耀龙、韩文秀、王宏江等,面向可持续发展的区域水资源优化配置研究,系统工程理论与实践,2003,(2):133~138
[113]杨丽美,天津市水资源配置方案评价研究:[硕士学位论文],天津;天津大学,2007
[114]于顺久、候玉、张欣莉等,中国水资源优化配置研究的进展与展望,水利发展研究,2000,(9):9~11
[115]左东启,戴树声,袁汝华等,水资源评价指标体系研究,水科学进展,1996,7(4):367～374
[116]曹利军,王华东,可持续发展评价指标体系建立原理与方法研究,环境科学学报,1998,18(5):526～532
[117]Ni-Bin Chang, C.G.Wen, S.L.Wu, Optional Management of Environmental and Land Resource in a Reservoir Watershed by Multiobjective Programming, Journal of Environmental Management,1995(44): 145～161
[118]陈守煜,工程模糊集理论与应用,北京:国防工业出版社,1998
[119]李兰秀,天津市水资源安全研究:[硕士学位论文],天津;天津大学,2006
[120]高学平,郭磊,李兰秀,蓄滞洪区蓄水优化研究,干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(5):46～50
[121]王为人,屠梅曾,基于层次分析法的流域水资源配置权重测算,同济大学学报,2005,33(8):1133～1136
[122]卿海龙,戴良铁,基于层次分析法的绩效评估指标权重确定方法,商场现代化,2005(44):260～261
[123]苑希民,李鸿雁,刘树坤等,神经网络和遗传算法在水科学领域的应用,北京:水利水电出版社,2002
[124]韩力群,人工神经网络理论、设计及应用,北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[125]袁曾任,人工神经元网络及其应用,北京:清华大学出版社,1999
[126]胡守仁,余少波,神经网络导论,北京:国防科技人学出版社,1997
[127]天津市发展计划委员会,天津市中长期供水规划,2004
[128]水利部海河水利委员会,南水北调东线(东平湖-天津)工程规划,2003
[129]陆书玉,环境影响评价,北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[130]朱庚申,环境管理学,北京:中国环境科学出版社,2000
[131]彭文启,张祥伟,现代水环境质量评价理论与方法,北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[132]Vollenweider R A. Scientific Fundamentals of the Eutrophication of lakes and Flowing Waters with Special Reference to Nitrogen and Phosphorus as Factors in Eutrophication. Technical Report DAS/SCI/68.27, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 1968
[133]OECD, Eutrophication of Waters. Monitoring, Assessment And Control. 1982
[134]周怀东,彭文启,水污染与水环境修复,北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[135]李锦秀,马巍,史晓新,污染物排放总量控制定额确定方法,水利学报,2006,36(7):1~8
[136]张玉清,河流功能区水污染物容量总量控制的原理和方法,北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001
[137]曾畅云,水环境安全及其指标体系研究——以北京市为例[D],首都师范大学硕士学位论文,2004
[138]GB8978-88,污水综合排放标准[S],1988
[139]GB15618-1995,土壤环境质量标准[S],1995
[140]赵彦伟,杨志峰,城市河流生态系统健康评价初探,水科学进展,2005,16(3):349~355
[141]王礼先,孙保平,余新尧,水土保持分册,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004
[142]GB3838-2002,中华人民共和国地表水环境质量标准[S],2002
[143]杨伦标,高英仪,模糊数学——原理及应用,广州:华南理工大学出版社,1993
[144]宋晓秋,模糊数学原理与方法,徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1999
[145]国家环境保护局、卫生部、建设部、水利部地质矿产部,《饮用水水源保护区污染防治管理规定》,1989
[146]中华人民共和国建设部,《城市供水水质管理规定》,1999
[147]天津市人民政府,《天津市引滦水源污染防治管理条例》,2002
[148]刘万宏,引滦入津工程水质保护研究:[硕士学位论文],天津;天津大学,2007
[149]Cooke, G D, Welch E B, Peterson S A, etc. Lake and Reservoir Restoration. Butterworth Publishers, Boston, 1986
[150]叶文虎,环境管理学,北京:高等教育出版社,2000
[151]董小林,环境经济学,北京:人民交通出版社,2005
[152]沈大军、梁瑞驹、王浩等,水资源价值,水利学报,1998,(5):54~59
[153]陈治安,水价形成机制与水费征收机制探讨,成都水利,2001,(6):33~35
[154]沈大军、朴哲浩,浅谈水资源费,中国水利,2000,(2):21~22
[155]刘一明、卢瑛,我国水资源的分配体系及其有效性分析,国土与自然资源研究,2002,(1):5~6
[156]施冬健、张黎,水价的经济学分析,价格理论与实践,2005,(5):29~30
[157]章铮,边际机会成本定价——自然资源定价的理论框架,自然资源学报,1996,11(2):107~112
[158]黄涛珍,面向可持续发展的水价理论与实践:[博士学位论文],南京;河海大学,2004
[159]LIU Shao , Water pricing towards sustainability of water resources: a case study in Beijing , Journal of Environmental Sciences , 2002,14(4):518~523
[160]沈大军、梁瑞驹等,水价理论与实践,北京:科学出版社,1999
[161]杨培岭,水资源经济(4),北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003
[162]王建瑞、白云,水商品定价研究,经济师,2004,(6):59~61
[163]姜文来、王华东,水资源价值时空流研究,中国环境科学,1998,18(1):9~12
[164]姜文来、于连生,、刘人和等,水资源价格上限研究,中国给水排水, 1993, 9 (2) :58～59
[165]国家发展和改革委员会、水利部,第4号令,水利工程供水价格管理办法,北京,2003
[166]姜文来、于华东、于连生,水资源负价值的研究,生态经济,1993,(5):41~43
[167]李云成、李五勤,跨流域调水工程水价方案设计实例分析,北京水利,2002,(6)
[168]王宏江,跨流域调水系统水资源综合管理研究:[博士学位论文],南京;河海大学,2003
[169]郑通汉、任宪韶,水利工程供水两部制水价制度研究,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006
[170]王媛、徐锬,应用模糊数学方法计算天津市的资源水价,国土与自然资源研究,2003,(3):63~64
[171]徐存寿,引滦枢纽工程实行“两部制”水价的设想,海河水利,1997,(5):40~41
[172]任俊俊,跨流域调水工程水价分析与定价模型研究:[硕士学位论文],天津;天津大学,2007
[173]刘传武、史宏笛,水利工程供水实行两部制水价的探讨,水利经济,2003,21(2):30~32
[174]国家计委、建设部,1810号文,城市供水价格管理办法, 1998
[175]谈昌莉,对水利供水特殊供水价格的探讨,水利经济,1999,(9):46~4
