摘要
葡萄冬剪枝条是一类源于葡萄种植业的固体废弃物，由于缺乏认识和相关研究，一直未能引起足够重视，目前大部分修剪物被就地焚烧或掩埋而易致环境污染，正确处置这一废弃物已成葡萄产业健康发展亟待解决之问题。本文首先调查了国内冬剪枝条的产量并分析了其基本理化特征，然后以巨峰、红地球、无核白、维多利亚、红玫瑰、赤霞珠、品丽珠、霞多丽、美乐及黑比诺等10个常见品种的冬剪枝条为对象，通过抗氧化检测方法的建立与优选，总多酚与活性单体的分析，单体的活性与构效关系，单体对总抗氧化活性的贡献及单体间的互作效应等方面系统深入地研究了冬剪枝条的抗氧化特性，以期为之合理开发利用提供理论支持，本研究获如下主要结论：
（1）冬剪枝条的年单株产量在1.33~3.21kg（鲜重），平均约2.35kg，鲜食品种和棚架栽培的株产分别高于酿酒和篱架，国内年产总量约3770kt，株产最高和最低的产区分别为黄河故道和甘宁产区，总产最高和最低的分别为新疆和东北产区。冬剪枝条呈酸性并富含有机质和钾、钙、磷、镁、铁、锰等多种元素，较皮渣，枝条中干物质、总有机碳、膳食纤维及锰含量较高。
（2）新建了一种简捷、准确测试H_2O_2清除能力的抗氧化方法-钛盐比色（TSS）法。方法参数：H_2O_2浓度10mM，磷酸缓冲液60mM（pH7.4），硫酸钛50mM，硫酸1.2M；反应温度37°C；时间30min；终体积5.1mL；检测波长404nm。TSS法灵敏度高于直接清除法近23倍，同时精密度、重复性、准确度均优于直接清除法。
（3）冬剪枝条提取物（VPE）在分属清除自由基、抗脂质过氧化、螯合金属离子及还原力4类机制的19种测试中均表现出不同程度的抗氧化作用，且在测试浓度范围内呈明显量效关系。不同品种的抗氧化力存在差异，其中部分差异显著，此外，品种间差异情况也受测试方法影响。10种被测VPE对DPPH、ABTS~+、NO的平均清除能力均低于阳性对照Trolox，对HOCl、ONOO~-、O_2~-、 OH、H_2O_2的清除均高于Trolox，对ROO的清除与Trolox相当，对~1O_2~-的清除约为β-胡萝卜素的1/3；对磷脂酰胆碱过氧化的抑制力约为TBHQ的1/2；对Fe2+的螯合力约为EDTA的1/7；同时，VPE还具明显的还原特性。
相同测试项目或目的的抗氧化指标间多呈极显著正相关，不同目的指标间的相关性呈多样化。遵循‘既要优先考虑具有生物相关性的方法，又要避免类似机理方法的重复而不失测试全面性，同时兼顾效率和成本’的原则，筛选ABTS（清除ABTS~+）、PMS/NADH （O_2~-）、TBA（OH)）、 TSS （H_2O_2）、Crocin/ABAP（ROO）、RNO（1O_2~-）、TNB（HOCl）、EB（ONOO~-）、TBARS（抗脂质过氧化）、Ferrozine（螯合力）及CUPRAC（还原力）法等11种作为系统评价冬剪枝条抗氧化的方法体系。
（4）建立了高效液相色谱（HPLC-UV）切换波长同时检测冬剪枝条中12种单体酚的方法，每种单体均在其最大吸收波长下得到检测。色谱条件：VP-ODS C18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）；流动相：3%乙酸和乙腈；梯度洗脱；波长模式：目标物信号响应前0.05min切至相应的最大吸收波长，响应结束后0.05min切至400nm；流速0.8mL/min；柱温30°C。较传统恒定波长（280nm）法，该法明显提高了多种酚类的检测灵敏度。
（5）冬剪枝条多酚类物质含量丰富，且品种间存在差异。总酚、类黄酮、黄烷醇及羟基肉桂酸量最高为赤霞珠，而总原花青素最高的为黑比诺。12种单体在所有品种中均检出，含量最高为白藜芦醇、儿茶素及表儿茶素，平均分别占HPLC定量总和的33%、25%及25%。百克干重枝条含白藜芦醇138~291mg，较目前主要天然来源，冬剪枝条有望成为白藜芦醇新的最大潜在来源。
冬剪枝条的酚类含量与抗氧化能力密切相关，且不同酚类组分或单体所起抗氧化作用存在差异。总酚与除螯合力外的其余抗氧化指标显著正相关；总类黄酮与部分自由基清除、抗脂质及还原能力显著正相关；总原花青素、总黄烷醇的相关性与类黄酮相似；总羟基肉桂酸仅与O_2~-和HOCl显著正相关。与抗氧化最相关的单体为儿茶素和表儿茶素，两者均与除ONOO~-外的大多数指标显著正相关，其次为白藜芦醇，与ROO、~1O_2~-、HOCl及抗脂质等显著正相关。
（6）简单酚酸的抗氧化活性及构效关系受测试方法的影响较类黄酮大。在Crocin/ABAP法中，含连三酚羟基的简单酚酸的活性>邻二酚羟基>单羟基；酚羟基的甲氧基化削弱活性，而甲氧基数目的增加增强活性；相同芳香取代下，侧链为丙烯酸基团的酚酸的活性高于侧链为羧基的酚酸。在ABTS法中，酚羟基数目对肉桂酸衍生物的影响与ROO相反；甲氧基化及数目对除没食子酸外的其余酚酸的影响也与ROO相反。类黄酮在两种测试中的构效关系相似。B环含邻二酚羟基、C环具3位羟基、及C环存在共轭的C2-C3双键和4位羰基是确保类黄酮高活性的关键特征。
（7）12种单体在Crocin/ABAP和ABTS法中的理论贡献之和分别占总活性的19.7~50.8%和34.1~57.9%，贡献最多的均为白藜芦醇、儿茶素及表儿茶素。
不同酚类（原儿茶酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、对香豆酸、白藜芦醇）等摩尔混合确存增效或拮抗作用，具体类型与组合中酚类种类、测试方法有关。Crocin/ABAP：原儿茶酸和表儿茶素对抗氧化活性主要起增效作用，而对香豆酸多显拮抗效应，白藜芦醇和儿茶素多呈加合效应。ABTS：白藜芦醇、儿茶素及表儿茶素对活性主要起增效作用，而对香豆酸和原儿茶酸多呈加合或拮抗效应。白藜芦醇/儿茶素/表儿茶素在两种测试中均表现为增效作用，结合这3种单体与抗氧化能力间的相关性及其对总活性的贡献，推断其为葡萄冬剪枝条中的主要活性单体。
Winter vine-prunings, the main solid wastes derived from grape planting, are not paidenough attention because of lack of understanding and the related research. Currently, thedisposal methods for the overwhelming majority of vine-prunings, such as in situ burning orburial, easily cause environmental pollutions, thus, proper managements of these wastesbecome an urgent need for the sound development of modern grape industy. In thisdissertation, domestic yields and basic physicochemical characteristics of vine-prunings werefirstly investigated. Afterwards, the antioxidant property of vine-prunings from10commoncultivars (Kyoho, Red Globe, Thompson Seedless, Victoria Blanc, Hongmeigui, CabernetSauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Chardonnay, Merlot and Pinot Noir) were systematically studiedvia establishment and optimal screening of antioxidant methods, analysis of polyphenolcontent and profile, activities of phenolic monomers and their structure-activity relationships,contributions of monomers to the total antioxidant activity and interactions among them. Thestudy aims to provide theoretical support to the future exploration and utilization of thesepruning wastes. Main conclusions can be drawn as follows:
(1) The annual yield of winter vine-prunings per tree ranged from1.33to3.21kg (fresh),with an average of2.35kg, yields per vine of table grapes and pergola trellis were higher thanwine cultivars and standard trellis, respectively. The domestic output of vine-prunings reacheda value of3770kt based on the current cultivation scale, among8major grape producingregions, Huanghegudao and Ganning had the highest and lowest yield per vine, respectively,while Xinjiang and Dongbei owned the highest and lowest total output, respectively. Vine-prunings showed acidic pH and abundant organic matter and K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Mn, etc., andhigher contents of dry matter, total organic carbon, dietary fibre and Mn compared with grapepomace.
(2) Titantnium salts spectrophotometry (TSS) assay, a simple, convenient and accurateantioxidant method, was firstly established for the determination of H_2O_2-scavenging activityof antioxidants. Optimized parameters: hydrogen peroxide:10mM; phosphate buffer:60mM (pH7.4); titanic sulfate:50mM; sulphuric aicd:1.2M; reaction temperature:37°C; reactiontime:30min; final volume:5.1mL; detection wavelength:404nm. The sensitivity of TSSassay was23times higher than the traditional method; besides, the precision, repeatability andaccuracy of TSS were also superior to the traditional one.
(3) Vine-prunings extracts (VPE) exhibited various degrees of antioxidant activities in19test syetems, belonging to four broad categories of antioxidant mechanisms (radical-scavenging, antilipidperoxidation, metal chelation, and reducing power), and all theseactivities were in dose-dependent manners in respective concentration ranges tested. Varietaldifferences in antioxidant activities were abserved in all VPE, some of which were significant(P <0.05); moreover, varietal differences were influenced by antioxidant models. The averageantioxidant activity of ten VPE was lower than Trolox (positive control) in scavenging DPPH,ABTS~+and NO, higher than Trolox in scavenging HOCl, ONOO~-, O_2~-, OH and H_2O_2,comparable with Trolox in scavenging ROO, one-third of β-carotene in scavenging1O_2~-, one-half of TBHQ in combating peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine, one-seventh of EDTA inchelating Fe2+. Moreover, all VPE presented distinct reducing properties.
Highly significant and positive relations (P <0.01) were observed between the methodsused for determining same parameters, or with same purposes, while diverse correlationshipswere found between those with different purposes. Abiding by the principle ‘not only shouldwe preferentially adopt the methods with biological relevance, but also we should guaranteethe test comphrehensiveness and avoid the repetition of assays with same mechanism,meanwhile, both the efficiency and cost should be considered’, nineteen antioxidant assayswere compared and evaluated, and11different methods, including ABTS (scavengingABTS~+), PMS/NADH (O_2~-), TBA (OH), TSS (H_2O_2), Crocin/ABAP (ROO), RNO (1O_2~-),TNB (HOCl), EB (ONOO~-), TBARS (antilipidperoxidation), Ferrozine (chelation) andCUPRAC (reducing power), were chosen as the methodology for the future use.
(4) A novel HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous determination of12phenoliccompounds from vine-prunings at their maximal absorption wavelengths (MAW) viawavelength switching was proposed. Optimized chromatographic conditions: VP-ODS C18column (250mm×4.6mm,5μm); mobile phase:3%acetic acid (v/v) and acetonitrile;gradient elution; wavelength mode: detection wavelengths were switched to thecorresponding MAW0.05min before the signal response of each analyte, then switched backto400nm0.05min after the end of the signal; flow rate:0.8mL/min; column temperature:30°C. The newly proposed method significantly improved the sensitivities of several phenolicsin comparison with the constant wavelength (280nm) detection commonly used.
(5) Vine-prunings were rich in polyphenol contents, and there were differences amongcultivars. The highest contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, flavanols and hydroxycinnamicacids were found in cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, while the highest total proanthocyanidins wasfrom cv. Pinot Noir. Twelve phenolic monomers (trans-resveratrol, catechin, epicatechin,rutin, morin, quercetin, gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic and p-coumaric acid)were dectected in all cultivars. trans-Resveratrol, catechin and epicatechin were the threemost abundant monomers occuring in vine-prunings, representing33%,25%and25%of thesum quantified by HPLC. Vine-prunings possessed high levels of trans-resveratrol, rangingfrom138to291mg/100g dry weight, and were expected to be the biggest potential source ofnatural trans-resveratrol when comparing with the current ones.
Polyphenol levels demonstated a close relationship with antioxidant activities, and theroles of different constitutes in antioxidant effects of vine-prunings were not exactly the same.A significant and positive correaltion was found between total phenolics and all antioxidantparameters excepting Fe2+-chelation. Total flavonoids, flavanols and proanthocyanidins werecorrelated significantly positively with some antiradical parameters as well as reducing powerand antilipidperoxidation, while total hydroxycinnamic acids was only correlated stronglywith O_2~-and HOCl. In terms of monomers, both catechin and epicatechin were found tocorrelate significantly positively with most antioxidant parameters except ONOO~-. The nextmost relevant was trans-resveratrol, which showed significant positive correlation with ROO,1O_2~-, HOCl and antilipidperoxidation.
(6) The antioxidant activity and structure-activity relationship of phenolics were affectedby test methods, which exerted a greater influence on simple phenolic acids thanpolyphenolics. In Crocin/ABAP assay, the activity of phenolic acids with pyrogallol structure> catechol structure> single phenolic hydroxyl group; methoxylation of hydroxyl groupweakened the activity, while the increase of methoxy groups enhanced the activity; under thesame aromatic substitution, the activity of phenolic acids with propenoic side chain(hydroxycinnamic acids) were stronger than those with carboxylic group (hydroxybenzoicaicds). In ABTS assay, the effects of methoxylation and methoxy group number on allphenolic acids except gallic acid, and hydroxyl group number on hydroxycinnamic acids,were opposite to those observed in Crocin/ABAP assay. Flavonoid compounds presented verysimilar structure-activity relationships in both Crocin/ABAP and ABTS. The catecholstructure in the B-ring, the3-hydroxyl group in the C-ring, and the C2-C3double bond inconjugation with the4-oxo group in the C-ring were key features for flavonoids to maintainhigh antioxidant activities.
(7) The sum of theoretical contributions of12individual phenolics can explain
19.7~50.8%and34.1~57.9%of total antioxidant activities measured by Crocin/ABAP andABTS assays, respectively. trans-Resveratrol, catechin and epicatechin were the threemonomers giving the highest contributions in all vine-prunings (n=10).
Different phenolics (protocatechuic acid, catechin, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid andtrans-resveratrol) occurring in vine-prunings present in equimolar mixtures can interact, andtheir concrete interaction types depended on phenolic species and test methods. In mostcombinations of Crocin/ABAP assay, protocatechuic acid and epicatechin exerted synergisticeffects on the antioxidant activity, while p-coumaric acid presented antagonistic effects;meanwhile, both catechin and trans-resveratrol exhibited additive effects. In ABTS assay, theeffects of trans-resveratrol, catechin and epicatechin were generally synergistic, whileprotocatechuic and p-coumaric acids were mainly antagonistic or additive. It should bestressed that the combination trans-resveratrol/catechin/epicatechin demonstrated obvioussynergistic effects in both assays, in combination with the relationships between these threemonomers and antioxidant activities as well as their contributions to the total activity, we canconclude that trans-resveratrol, catechin, and epicatechin were the predominating activeconstituents of vine-prunings.
引文
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