现代汉语“全都”类总括副词研究
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摘要
本文运用语义学、功能语言学、特别是认知语言学的的理论,讨论了现代汉语“全都”类总括副词的语义功能及其对句法带来的制约,考察了“全都”类总括副词在行知言三域的选择倾向性,找到了各个总括副词否定的不同形式并分析其产生的原因,描写了它们之间的同现与替换的规律,并探讨了同现的语用功能及替换前后语用效果的不同。另外,我们还特别讨论了三个“都”语义功能及语义关联方向的变化,并对它们语义功能对句法形式的选择与约束进行了解释。这样就补充了以往对这一类副词研究的不足,深化了对它们的认识。
     第一章绪论,主要介绍了选题缘由、研究范围、理论框架、研究的思路和方法、前人对现代汉语“全都”类总括副词的研究成果,并指出了这一领域研究的不足及我们的研究重点,最后对语料的来源进行了说明。
     第二章从纵向角度考察了三个“都”的语义功能的变化,指出在语义功能从加合性到极性允准到极性突显的变化过程中,语义关联方向也由左向关联到跨界关联最后直到右向关联,“都”的身份最终由范围副词变为语气副词。
     第三章讨论了其他四个总括副词“全”“统统”“一概”“一律”的语义功能对句法的促动作用。首先,语义功能的不同反映了人们总括事物时的不同的视角,不同的方式。“都”执行总括行为时很少主观方式的加入,具有较高的客观性;“全”语义功能突显了其量化对象的整体性,由于人们认知上的困难及必要性较低而使其使用频率较低;“统统”的语义功能是笼统式总括,由于其不精确而常常选择比较随意的口语,“一概”的语义功能是总括全体,隐匿个性,这样的语义功能反映了人们观察事物的不同视角,即采取由施事或说话人到受事(或除施事以外的其他语义角色)的视角,隐匿受事或其他语义角色个性,因此受事成为其主要量化对象,再加上总括副词左向约束的规律,使“一概”选择了受事(或除施事以外的其他语义角色)在前的有标记句式。除了结构之外,“一概”句的谓语VP的句法特点、语义特点以及量化对象的特点都受到“一概”的语义功能的制约。“一律”的语义功能是以总括全体为背景,突显个体某一方面的一致性。因为“一律”的语义特征有[范围][方式或状态]两个方面,[范围]是背景,是前提,主体的[方式或状态]是突显内容。这说明“一律”是总括副词这一范畴中的边缘成员。
     第四章采用行知言三域理论来考察这一组总括副词对概念域的选择倾向性(以句子为研究单位)。“都”对“知”与“言”没有贡献,并且有时有消极作用,更多地选择行域;“全”与“统统”也倾向于选择行域;“一概”更多选择行域与知域交叉的情况,或者选择言域。“一律”主要选择言域中的规定、指令等言域行为。
     第五章从量的角度讨论了这一组总括副词的否定规律,分析了每一个总括副词的量特征以及它们的否定形式,发现每一个总括副词都可以进行全称否定,只有“都”与“全”才能进行差等否定,那是因为只有“都”与“全”在语义上是离散性的,是非定量性的,而其他几个副词都是定量性的。
     第六章考察了这一组副词的同现与互换规律,从语用功能的角度分析了同现连用及互换前后产生的不同语用效果,并解释了不能互换的原因。
     第七章对全文考察的内容和得出的结论做了小结,并简要总结了本文的不足之处,以及总括副词以后值得进一步研究的课题。
Based on the theory of Semantics、 Functional Linguistics, especially Cognitive Linguistics, this thesis analyzed the semantic functional restriction on syntactical distribution of adverbs of universal quantifier, such as "Quan, Dou(全、都)". The paper observed the choosing inclination on three domains of "acts、knowledge、speech" of those adverbs, found the different negative forms of those words and then probed on the reasons for those differences, described the rules which controlling their co-occurrence and substitute, then discussed the pragmatic functions of co-occurrence and the pragmatic effects of those substitute.
     In addition, the paper gave a special attention to the semantic functions and the direction changing of semantic relevance of three Dou's(都),and gave a explanation to the choosing strategies and constrictions which the semantic functions acting on the syntactic forms. By this way, the thesis supplemented the deficiency of past researching on those adverbs and deepened the understanding of them.
     The preface, Chapter1, introduced the original idea of this paper,the domain of research,the framework of theory,the thinking way and method of the research mainly.By Summarizing the past research on adverbs of universal quantifier, such as " Quan, Dou(全、都)" in Modern Chinese, the preface pointed out the shortage of those research and gave our focus on this topic. There is a illustrate for the corpus at the end of this chapter.
     Chapter2Checked the semantic functional changing of three "Dou" Longitudinally and found that during the process that the semantic functional changing from additional function,through polar permission, to polar prominence, the direction of semantic relevance changed from left relevance, through over boundary relevance,to right relevance simultaneously,and the "Dou" changed into a modality adverb from scope adverb at last.
     Chapter3studied the improvement that the semantic functions act on the syntax which concerning other four adverbs of universal quantifier,"Quan, Tongtong, Yigai,Yilv(全,统统,一概,一律)”At first,the difference of semantic functions reflects different point of view and different method which the people generalize common things.
     Without subjective," Dou(都)" is a very objective term when it is used on generalization. The integrity of argument highlighted by the semantic function of Quan(全)".The frequency of its usage is very low.as the cognitive activities for human is hard and the necessity is relatively low.
     The semantic function of "Tongtong(统统)" is to make a vague generalization. It is used orally as it is inaccurate and is used as a derogatory term frequently.
     The semantic function of Yigai(一概)" is to generalize the whole and to hide individuals. This function reflects speakers'angle of observation which is from the agent or speaker to patient(or other semantic roles).From this angle, the characters of patient or other semantic roles were hidden, and the patient (or other semantic roles) became a argument. Those changes plus the rule of left-constrain of adverbs of universal quantifier makes "Yigai(一概)"accepted the marked sentence pattern which the patient (or other semantic roles) are located on the head.
     In addition to structure, the syntactic characteristics of the predicate VP. the characteristics of semantics and the characteristics of arguments of sentences which contains " Yigai(一概)”are constrained by the semantic functions of " Yigai(一概)”.
     Adopted the theory of three domains of "acts、knowledge、speech",chapter4studied the choosing inclination of those adverbs of universal quantifier on conception domains (take sentence as unit)." Dou(都)’'has no contribution to the domain of "knowledge" and "speech",even has negative effect sometimes."Dou(都)" is more active on the domain of "acts",and "Quar(全)”,"Tongtong((统统)”too."Yigai(一概)" prefer the cross domain of "acts" and "knowledge" or of "speech". The main matching domain of "Yilv(一律)”is on "speech" such as speech action of regulations and instructions. From the angle of quantity, Chapter5discussed the negative rules of those adverbs analyzed the characters of quantity and negative forms one by one. Every adverb of universal quantifier can get a universal negation and only "Dou(都)"and "Quan(全)" can get a gradation negation,because the meaning of "Dou(都)’'and "Quan(全)”are discrete and they are indefinite quantifiers while as others are definite quantifiers.
     Chapter6described rules of co-occurrence and substitute of those adverbs, analyzed the different pragmatic effects of co-occurrence and substitute of those adverbs from the point of pragmatic functions,and explained that why some substitutions are ungrammatical.
     By summarizing the paper and summing up the researching result on this thesis, the last chapter showed some defects of it and gave some advise on future researching topics about adverbs of universal quantifier from the cognitive angle.
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