大学课程生成机制的研究
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摘要
大学课程生成机制是大学课程生成活动得以正常运行的动力体系,是大学课程生成的内在方式及其机理。其中心问题是一个国家的大学课程是由谁来决定的?是如何生成的?这个国家在大学课程生成上形成一种什么样的模式?当前世界范围内主要存在三种基本类型的大学课程生成机制,即中央集权型、地方分权型、学校自主型,每种类型的生成机制都存在其优缺点。
     制约大学课程生成的因素主要有五个:国家意志的制约是阶级社会所特有的;社会生产力的制约是根本性的;学术领域的制约是最具高等教育特色的;学生的需要是终极的制约;课程现有发展水平及课程论的制约是来自于课程自身的。每种因素都对大学课程生成具有一定的影响。
     在大学课程生成过程中,必须遵循五个原则:民主与集中相结合的原则;继承与创新相统一的原则;专深与广博相统一的原则;理论指导原则和多样性原则。
     从解放后大学课程生成机制的历史演进看,建国以来我国大学课程生成机制基本上属于单一的中央集权型,自八十年代末、九十年代初以来逐渐向学校自主型转变。两者在现实的运行过程中都存在着一些无法避免的缺陷。到底何种是最适合我国的?笔者认为,“一主多元”的大学课程生成机制是最为理想的。“一主”是指大学课程生成以大学自身为主体,这一方面是我国建国以来集权的弊端使然,另一方面,也与全球大学课程生成机制发展的共同趋势一致,同时,更是大学学术自由精神的体现。“多元”既包括中央和地方不同程度的集权机制,又包括一个非常重要的社会参与机制。“多元”对“一主”既是一种辅助,又是一种补偿,两者结合起来,使大学课程生成机制相得益彰,共同发挥各自的积极作用,促使生成最完善、最优化的大学课程。“一主多元”大学课程生成机制建立的保障包括两个层面,“一主”的保障关键是建立大学自身课程生成的支持体系,其中包括内容支持、方法支持与技术支持三个层面;“多元”机制的保障必须具备两个条件:一是形成民主开放的社会氛围,二是大力发展教育中介机构。
The development mechanism of the university curriculum is the basic principle and the dynamic system, which makes the university curriculum circulate regularly. It is the inherence manner and its principle of the development of the university curriculum. The main questions are: who decides the university curriculum of a country; how it develops; what pattern it forms. There are three basic styles about the development mechanism of the university curriculum in the world: the centralization, the decentralization and the self-determination. Each style has its own advantages and disadvantages.
    There are five elements that can restrict the development of university curriculum: the country will is a special in the class society; the society productivity is an essential; the restrict of science territory reveals the feature of higher education; the development level and the courses theory shows the self-restriction. Each element can restrict the development of university curriculum.
    In the process of the development, we must obey five principles: the combination of democracy and centralization; the inheritance and innovation; the guidance of theory and the multiplicity.
    From the history course of the development mechanism of university curriculum we can understand: Chinese curriculum development mechanism basically belongs to the single centralization. From the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, it converts to the self-determination gradually. Both the centralization and the self-determination, have some avoidless limitation in the process of practice. Which one adapts to the situation of china? The author considers that "one mainbody with some different elements" is perfect. "One main body" points that the university curriculum makes the university self as the main body. It is made by the abuse of the centralization and is accord with the tendency and tideway of the world. It is also embodiment of the academic freedom spirit. "Some different
    
    
    elements" includes somewhat the centralization and the decentralization and an important society enlist mechanism. It is a kind of assistant and a kind of compensation to the main body. They band together, making some development mechanisms bring out the best in each other, exerting their own active effects and are promoted to develop the most perfect and optimum university curriculum. The guarantee of founding the development mechanism of the university curriculum of "one main body with some different elements" involves a couple of sides: the key of "one main body" is the foundation of sustainable system of the development of the university curriculum, which includes the content, means and technology. The guarantee of "some different members" must possess two condition: the democracy and exoteric atmosphere and the participation of the agencies intermediate .
引文
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