摘要
综合分析了云南三江中南段区域成矿背景(不同构造单元出露的地层、构造环境、主要矿床类型、矿床地质特征、矿床地球化学特征、成岩成矿年代学)和三江构造演化,将三江中南段自西向东划分为三个成矿子系列：腾冲与热泉有关的Au成矿子系列、保山赋存于晚古生代碳酸盐岩中Pb-Zn成矿子系列与巍山岩浆—热液多金属成矿子系列。区域构造和矿床构造研究表明,区域深大断裂控制矿床和岩体的空间产出位置,矿区控矿构造、层间破碎带、裂隙等小构造控制着矿体的就位及产出样式,故提出了“大断裂控分布、小构造定就位”。
基于野外和显微镜观察发现,三江中南段低温热液成矿系列中矿石结构以开放空间充填型为主。矿石矿物组合简单和围岩蚀变较弱,但不同子系列中矿石矿物组成和元素组合有差异。归纳前人研究成果并结合闪锌矿原位微量研究初步得出三江中南段低温热液成矿系的成矿温度在300℃以内。通过H-0同位素研究揭示三江中南段低温热液成矿系列成矿流体至少有2种来源：①沿断裂运移的成矿流体,包括循环的大气降水和地层中封存卤水；②深部岩浆水的参与。硫同位素研究显示三江中南段低温热液成矿系列硫主要来自岩浆并混有其它来源。硫化物δ34S介于-16.0%0～6.0%o,主要集中在-6.0%0～6.0%o,显示硫主要来自幔源(除东山铅锌矿床外),并有其它硫的贡献,部分硫酸盐可能来自下渗的盆地卤水和地层中封存的蒸发海水。三江中南段低温热液成矿系列成矿物质来源具有多源性。矿石、围岩、单金属硫化物ICP-MS和LA-ICPMS的微量稀土元素显示不同成矿子系列的成矿物质来源主要与其所在构造单元的背景值丰度或顶底板围岩有关。地层中预富集的成矿元素受成矿深部流体或下循环流体的萃取而富集成矿。
系统年代学研究表明三江中南段低温成矿系列形成时代与三江构造演化及新生代印亚大陆碰撞过程关系密切。指出腾冲和巍山低温成矿子系列分别产于喜马拉雅期后碰撞(25Ma～至今)和晚碰撞(～34.11±0.36Ma)阶段。后者伴随着特提斯洋演化,具有早期沉积预富集的特点。保山Pb-Zn成矿子系列的形成可能与中特提洋的闭合相关。在综合研究的基础上,建立了三江中南段低温热液成矿系列成矿模式。基于此模式应用成矿系列理论在邻区域进一步找矿方向推测。
Comprehensive analysis of the regional metallogenic background in the MSOB including stratigraphy, tectonic settings, geological feature and geochemical characteristics of typical ore deposits and chronology in the different tectonic units. Based on those works and tectonic evolution of the Sanjiang orogenic belt, I try to divide the MSOB into three metallogenic subseries:(1) Hot spring type Au metallogenic subseries in the Tengchong which form in the volcanic arcs causing by the India-Asia continental collision.(2) Epithermal Pb-Zn metallogenic subseries hosted in the late Paleozoic Carbonate in the Baoshan block which occur in the extension environment after the close of Middle Tethys ocean.(3) Weishan porphyry-epithermal polymetallic metallogenic subseries in the Lanping-Simao strike-slip and pull-apart basin which form under continental collision during Himalayan.
Regional structure and orefield structure reveal that the spatial distribution of metallogenic subseries and associated intrusions controlled by regional deep fault belt and orefield structure controlled ore bodies emplacement and styles. On the insight of field work and observation of thin sections, it is recognized that ore mineralization characterized by open space and cavity filling in the MSOB. The ore mineral assemblage and walk-rock alteration are very simple but ore mineral assemblages are difference in each metallogenic subseries. On the basis of the former data and the data of trace elements in the sphalerite by LA-ICPMS, ore-forming temperatures of the MSOB are below300℃. The study of hydrogen-oxygen isotope display that the metallogenic fluid at least has two sources:(1) ore-forming fluid migration along the faults including brine in the stratigraphy and meteoric waters.(2) magmatic hydrothermal fluids. The δ34S values of sulfide in the MSOB are between-16.0‰～6.O%o which mainly concentrated on-6.0‰～6.0‰suggesting that sulfur mainly derived from magma, with minor other sources. The source of mineralization multiple members in the MSOB which is associated with background value of stratigraphy in each metallogenic subseries. Pre-enrichment of metallogenetic elements in the whole rocks are extracted by deep fluid and down circulating fluid.
Systematic Chronology study demonstrate that the formation age of epithermal deposits in the MSOB is closely related to tectonic evolution of the Sanjiang orogenic belt. The Tengchong and Weishan metallogenic subseries form during post-collision (25Ma-now) and late-collision (～34.11±0.36Ma) in Himalayan, respectively. The formation age of Baoshan Pb-Zn metallogenic subseries may be related to the close of Middle Tethys ocean. Through the comprehensive analysis of all data, a metallogenic model is proposed for epithermal metallogenic series in the MSOB. Based on the model, the prospecting direction is pointed out in adjacent regions under the guidance of theory of minerogenic series.
引文
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