京冀地区水资源补偿问题研究
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摘要
京冀地区是我国水资源短缺矛盾最为严重地区,也是区域经济发展不平衡最为突出地区。根据经济学的基本理论,资源稀缺性、资源价格及所有者收益三者之间应当存在强正相关关系。但是,在现实经济中,作为北京市的主要水源地,河北省很多地区每年在向北京市廉价甚至免费供水的同时,与首都地区之间经济发展的差距却日益加大。造成上述现象的(?)本原因在于京冀地区水资源补偿政策的缺失。
     水资源补偿是下游地区应给予上游地区水资源使用额度损失而支付的代价。在京冀地区水资源补偿实施之前,需要对水资源补偿的理论基础和现实背景、补偿数量基准的选择及对应约补偿结果,补偿价格的确定及相应的补偿规模,补偿的相关政策及实现选择等关键问题予以明确。文章研究过程主要运用产业经济学和制度经济学中的区域产业、要素禀赋、价格理论和产权理论等,对上述关键问题给予尽可能清晰的回答。
     首先,本文对水资源补偿的经济学基础进行了分析,通过科斯定理、卡尔多—希克斯最优理论和公共物品纯度理论解释了京冀地区水资源补偿的必要性、存在性与可能性,从自然背景、产业结构、供用水情况、制度安排四个方面分析了京冀地区水资源补偿的现实背景。其次,基于水资源赋权体系,文章提出了上游优先、权利对等和历史惯例三种水资源补偿数量基准,在此基础上从生产用水和生活用水两方面针对上下游地区之间水资源补偿实施可能产生的结果进行了理论推演,并结合京冀地区实际经济变量进行了比较分析。再次,本文利用方向性距离函数,在比较京冀地区水资源经济效率基础上,通过影子价格的计算实证研究了京冀地区水资源补偿价格,结合2010年度河北省岗南水库、黄壁庄水库、王快水库和安格庄水库向北京市应急调水实例进行了补偿规模的实证分析。最后,文章借鉴莱索托高地水资源补偿案例和美国加州水银行案例,从设立京冀地区水资源补偿基金,建立多属性决策机制,组建水资源补偿协调委员会,构建水资源补偿法律制度四方面提出了京冀地区水资源补偿有效实施的实现路径。
     本文的研究特点在于:首先,现有关于水资源补偿问题的研究基本上都是零散和非系统的,文章首次对水资源补偿的经济学理论基础进行了较为全面的阐释,并结合京冀地区实际对水资源补偿价格、补偿规模和实现路径等关键问题进行了较为系统的分析;其次,无论在理论层面还是实践层面,成本加成一直都是水资源定价的主要方法,文章提出参照影子价格估算水资源补偿价格,能更充分体现水资源的商品属性,更准确揭示水资源的经济价值,也更利于对水源地进行合理的经济补偿;最后,现有研究主要基于参数估计,通过求解产出函数的一阶偏导数估算要素影子价格,文章采用方向性距离函数对水资源影子价格进行估算,该方法现阶段还较少用于水资源补偿价格问题研究。
     本文研究发现,京冀地区水资源补偿政策实施空间巨大,且水资源用益权划分结果不会影响补偿政策的实施效果。同时,京冀地区水资源价值低估引起了水资源补偿价格低估,只有创新补偿形式才能促使水资源补偿在实践层面得到有效实施。
Beijing-Hebei region has a critical shortage in water resource and a sharp disequilibrium in economic development in China. There is a significantly positive among the resource scarcity, resource price and ownership interest in normal conditions according to economics. As the water source of Beijing, however, the economy gap between two regions increase daily as Hebei supply water to Beijing cheaply and freely. The primary cause lies in the deficiency of water-compensation policy.
     Water compensation is the downstream areas'cost to pay for extra usage to the upstream area. Before the water-compensation policy put into execution, there are several key point should be make certain, such as the theoretical and realistic foundation, the compensation's standard and result, compensation's price and scale, the compensation's assistant policy and realization route. In the course of study, some Industrial Economics and Institutional Economics' basic theory, such as Regional Industry, Factor Endowment, Price Theory and Property Rights Theory, are used to explain the above-mentioned key issues as soon as possible.
     Firstly, the article interprets the necessity, existence and possibility through the analysis of economics theoretical foundation, such as Coase Theorem, Karldor-Hicks Theory and Public Goods Theory. And then, the article introduces the water compensation background from four sides:natural environment, industrial structure, water supply-demand, and system regulation. Based on the water resource empowerment system, the article also devises the water compensation's standard included Upstream-Priority, Equal-Rights and Usual-Practice. Meanwhile, a derivation process is provided to seek the possible results of water-compensation policy from process water and domestic water, and a comparison analysis is raised to test the actual result combined with economic variable of Beijing-Hebei region. In empirical study, using directional distance functions, the article research the compensation's price and scale by calculating shadow price based on comparing the water efficiency between Beijing and Hebei. Finally, the article refers the cases about Lesotho Highlands Water Project and the California Water Bank, and advances a series of accompanying policy to assurance water compensation implement in Beijing-Hebei region. The specific contents include creating compensation fund, establishing multi-attribute decision mechanism, forming special institution, and building legal system.
     The characteristics of study are as follows. Firstly, the current studies about water compensation are almost scattered and non-systemic. The article makes a comprehensive explanation to the theoretical basis of water compensation. The article also makes a systemic analysis to the compensation price, compensation scale and implementation method combined with the actual data in Beijing-Hebei region. Secondly, cost-plus price is always main pricing method to water resource. The article puts forward to estimating compensation price by shadow price, which can better reflect the commodity attribute, better reveal the true value and better define the economic compensation of water resource. Finally, for shadow price, the current studies mainly solve the result by calculating first-order partial derivative equation of output function. The article estimates the shadow price by means of directional distance function, which is seldom used in the study of compensation price.
     The results show that the compensation space is enormous, and the distribution of water rights will not influence the effect of policy. Meanwhile, the water value in Beijing-Hebei region is underestimated, which lead to further underestimation of compensation's price. Only through innovating compensation methods, water-compensation policy is able to put into effect in practical domain.
引文
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