摘要
绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum,半翅目盲蝽科(Heteroptera:Miridae)。近年来随着农业种植结构的调整与转基因棉的大面积种植,加之棉田防治棉铃虫用药的急剧减少,其危害日趋严重,成为影响农业生产的重要害虫。本文就温度、光周期对绿盲蝽生长发育、繁殖的影响和不同寄主对绿盲蝽体内蛋白酶、淀粉酶、海藻糖酶以及海藻糖含量的影响进行了研究,期以加深了解绿盲蝽随温度、光周期变化的种群动态变化以及其寄主适应性强的内在原因,从而为其预测防治提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：
1、组建了绿盲蝽在5种温度(18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃)下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：在18-30℃,绿盲蝽的发育速率随着温度的升高而加快,并符合Logistic模型；绿盲蝽卵、若虫、产卵前期及世代的发育起点温度分别为9.53℃、12.32℃、10.40℃和11.07℃,有效积温分别为142.61日度、162.60日度、123.13日度和425.17日度；若虫期最高存活率(24℃)比最低存活率(30℃)高27.27%；最高产卵量(24℃)比最低产卵量(30℃)高33.61粒/雌；24℃内禀增长率最高,为0.0949。通过生命表参数综合评价表明：24-27℃是绿盲蝽生长繁殖的最适温区。此为探明温度对田间绿盲蝽种群发育增殖的影响与丰富绿盲蝽种群测报参数提供了依据。
2、应用种群生命表方法(温度(25士1)℃、相对湿度(70士5)%,光照强度4000 Lx),系统研究了绿盲蝽在5个光周期处理(即L：D=8：16、10：14、12：12、14：10、16：08)下的实验种群的生长发育特性和繁殖能力。结果表明：不同光周期处理下绿盲蝽各虫态存活率、产卵前期及产卵量等均有显著性差异。绿盲蝽最高孵化率(L：D=10：14)比最低孵化率(L：D=16：8)高25.06%；若虫最高存活率(L：D=8：16)比最低存活率(L：D=16：8)高25.26%；雌成虫最高平均产卵量(L：D=1212)比最低平均产卵量(L：D=8：16)多27.29粒。综合来看,光周期L：D=12：12处理下的绿盲蝽种群内禀增长率(rm)最大(0.1093),种群加倍时间(DT)最短(6.3417),表明该光周期处理十分有利于绿盲蝽种群的发育与繁殖。此为研究绿盲蝽的滞育以及田间发生量的预警测报奠定了基础。
3、研究测定了四季豆、豇豆、绿豆、苏棉9号、鄂杂棉10号5种寄主上的绿盲蝽种群成虫体内的蛋白酶、淀粉酶、海藻糖酶活性以及海藻糖含量。结果表明：取食绿豆的绿盲蝽种群成虫体内的蛋白酶、淀粉酶的活性最高,取食苏棉9号的绿盲蝽种群成虫体内的蛋白酶、淀粉酶的活性最低,分别相差2.09μg/(mg . min)、15.35μg/(mg.min),差异均达极显著性水平(p<0.01)；同时,不同寄主种群间个体分布频率均存在一定差异；鄂杂棉10号种群的海藻糖酶活性最高(3.74 mmol-1/(mg . min)),而海藻糖含量最低(3.03μg/adult),与其它寄主种群差异分别达显著性水平(p<0.05)和极显著性水平(p<0.01)。蛋白酶、淀粉酶、海藻糖酶活性及海藻糖含量,在不同寄主间分布频率的不同,表明绿盲蝽对不同的寄主有很强的生理适应性。此为明确绿盲蝽寄主适应性机理以及开拓绿盲蝽综合防控手段提供了科学依据。
Apolygus lucorum, Heteroptera:Miridae, outbreaks frequnetly in cotton crops recent years and it has become the primary pest in agricultural production. There are three main reasons which lead to this phenomenon:the widespread adoption of Bt cotton controlled Lepidoptera successfully; the reduction in insecticide use; the pattern of cultivation had changed in the farmland ecosystem these years;
In order to understand the population dynamics and the adaptability of Apolygus lucorum more deeply, three aspects experiments about Apolygus lucorum were conducted in these paper, that were:the effect of temperature, photoperiod on the development, survival and fecundity, respectively; the activities of protease, amylase and trehalase and the content of trehalose in laboratory populations of Apolygus lucorum reared on different hosts. The results of these aspects experiments may provide a scientific basis for prediction and control to Apolygus lucorum. The main results were summarized as follows.
1. Life tables of Apolygus lucorum laboratory population at five different temperatures(18℃,21℃,24℃,27℃,30℃)were constructed. These results showed that the development rate increased with the temperature rising, and the relationship between them could be simulated using the Logistic model. The developmental temperature thresholds required for egg, nymph, preoviposition and generation were 9.53℃,12.32℃, 10.40℃,11.07℃; the effective accumulated temperatures were 142.61,162.60,123.13, 425.17 degree day respectively; The survival rate was 27.27%higher the max value (24℃) than the min value(30℃); The average fecundity of female adults was 33.61 more the maximum(24℃) than minimum(30℃). The intrinsic rates of natural increase(rm) was the highest at 24℃, and the temperature zone (24-27℃) was the favorable temperature for Apolygus lucorum. This study provided foundation to ascertain the effective temperature on Apolygus lucorum population and enriched investigation and forecast in field with the effective parameters.
2. The effects of different photoperiods(L:D=8:16,10:14,12:12,14:10,16:08) on the characteristic of development and fecundity about Apolygus lucorum was studied using life table methods. Apolygus lucorum was reared in climate incubator with temperature (25±1)℃, relative humidity (70±5)℃and illumination intensity 4000 Lx. The survival rates of each stadium, preoviposition duration and fecundity of female adults were significantly different among the five photoperiods. The maximum hatching rate(L:D=10:14) was 25.06%higher than the minimum (L:D=16:8); the highest nymph survival rate(L:D=8:16) was 25.26%higher than the lowest(L:D=16:8); the maximum average fecundity (L:D=12:12)of female adults was 27.29 more than the minimum(L:D=8:16). In the photoperiod L:D=12:12, the intrinsic rates of natural increase(rm) was the largest(0.1093) while the double time(DT) was the shortest (6.3417) which indicated that the photoperiod L:D=12:12 was very beneficial to development and fecundity of Apolygus lucorum. This study provided foundation to the research of diapause and forecast in field.
3. The protease activity, amylase activity, trehalase activity and the content of trehalose were examined in laboratory populations of Apolygus lucorum that reared on kidney bean, cowpea, mung bean, regular cotton Su 9 and hybrid cotton E10. The protease, amylase activity for mung bean were the highest while the Su 9 were lowest,2.09μg/(mg. min)、15.35μg/(mg . min)between the max and the min, respectively(p<0.01). The trehalase activity for E10 came to the peak was at 3.74 mmol-1/(mg . min)(p<0.05), however, the trehalose content came to the valley was at 3.03μg/adult(p<0.01). The frequency differences were obviously among these five populations. The results indicated that Apolygus lucorum had strongly physiological adaptation. Our studies could provide the foundations for the study of host adaptability and integrated control methods of Apolygus lucorum.
引文
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