摘要
随着国内外一些水工闸门在开启过程中出现的启闭机超载、卡死,甚至闸门破坏等事故，闸门的运行安全越来越被重视，而在设计阶段对闸门启闭力的合理估算是关系到闸门能否正常运行的重要因素。目前我国现行的《水利水电工程钢闸门设计规范》(SL74-95)中，给出了平面闸门和弧形闸门在清水中启门力的计算公式。但在实际工程中，依据规范中的公式计算结果,而选取的启闭机容量出现了很多问题。本文将对这些问题进行深入研究，具体内容如下：
(1)根据国内几座水库淤沙统计资料的分析结果，提出了将门前淤积的泥沙考虑为由粗细颗粒组成的宾汉体泥沙模型。在此泥沙模型中，粗颗粒之间的碰触和相对滑动提供了摩擦剪切应力，而细颗粒之间的絮凝作用在闸门开启的瞬间提供了极限剪切应力。这两种力共同构成了泥沙临界屈服应力。并应用数学模型对泥沙临界屈服应力的计算方法进行了验证。同时考虑到泥沙对闸门面板的作用方式，提出了两种减轻泥沙淤积影响的水工闸门结构，即：双导轨倾斜平面闸门结构和偏心无铰弧形闸门结构。
(2)结合Kelvin振子模型、等效阻尼、瞬现温度以及摩擦接触面弹塑性判据，提出了滑动摩擦系数计算方法。应用已有的文献数据对此摩擦系数计算方法进行了验证。然后，将滚轮在轨道上的滚动简化成圆柱体与无限半平面的接触问题，提出了滚轮摩阻力臂计算方法。并应用数学模型对滚轮摩阻力臂计算方法进行了验证。最后，通过改变自润滑轴承中润滑剂的作用方式，提出了两种能够提供“主动润滑”的自润滑轴承结构。
(3)基于对行走支承中的滚动轴承的能量消耗形式的认识，提出了滚动轴承的摩阻力臂计算方法。并应用已有的文献数据对摩阻力臂计算方法进行了验证。
(4)将止水橡胶摩擦产生的原因归结为滞后变形、黏着效应以及犁沟效应三种因素作用，提出了滑动摩擦系数计算方法。
(5)根据水流的伯努利方程和动量方程，分别提出了闸门启闭过程中的下吸力和上托力的计算方法。并应用数学模型对该计算方法进行了验证。
(6)考虑了门前泥沙的干容重、泥沙的孔隙率、淤积的泥沙性质(如：较细的黏土泥沙，极细泥沙等)、泥沙与闸门的接触面积、泥沙的水平压力、行走支承摩阻力、下吸力以及门顶和梁格中附带泥沙等因素，提出了在有泥沙淤积情况下的平面和弧形闸门启门力计算方法。并应用实测资料对上述计算方法进行了验证。此外，基于Visual Basic程序开发平台，采用数据库、图形处理、文档生成及计算仿真等计算机技术，开发了DP-1.0设计仿真平台。
With home and abroad some hydraulic-gates of opening-process appearing hoistoverload, deadlocking, or even destroy of the accidents, the gate run security is paidmore and more attention. At the design stage of a reasonable estimate of the gateopening and closing force is related to the gate of the normal operation of importantfactors. At present, our current norms " Hydraulic and hydroelectric engineeringspecification for design of steel gate "(SL74-95) gives the plane and radial gate oflifting-force formula in water. However, in actual operation, according to thespecification formula of the calculated results to select hoist capacity, it leads to manyproblems. This paper will be on these issues in-depth study, as follows:
(1)According to the analysis of several domestic reservoirs of the sedimentstatistics, siltation of sediment in front of the gate will be consideration to the coarseand fine particles sediment Bingham model. In this sediment model, the contact andthe relative sliding among the coarse particles supply frictional shearing stress, andflocculation of the among fine particles supplies the limit of shear stress. in the gatesopening of the moment. These two forces together constitute the sediment criticalyield stress. And it is using a mathematical model to valid the sediment critical yieldstress calculation method. Simutaneously, considering coarse particles mode of actionto the gate panel in the siltation, this paper proposes two reduced-siltation-effect ofhydraulic gate structures, namely: the dual-rail-inclined plane gate structure and theeccentric-hingeless radial gate structure.
(2) Firstly, combined with Kelvin-oscillator-model, the equivalent-damping,ephemeral-temperature and the elastoplastic criterion of frictional contact surfaces,this paper proposes the coefficient of sliding friction. And it applies the existingliterature data to valid the friction coefficient calculation method. Secondly, the scrollwheel which is in orbit simplifies into a cylinder with infinite half-plane contactproblem. It proposes wheel-frictional-resistance-arm calculation method. And itapplies mathematical model to valid wheel-frictional-resistance-arm calculationmethod. The last one, by changing the mode of action of the lubricant inself-lubricating bearings, this paper proposes two self-lubricating bearing structureswhich are able to provide "active lubrication".
(3) Based on the understanding of the rolling bearing, in the walking support, ofthe energy consumption of the form, this paper proposes rolling-frictional–resistance -arm calculation method. And it applies existing literature data to valid the frictional-resistance-arm calculation method.
(4) The sealing rubber friction generation attributes to hysteresis deformation,adhesion effects and furrow effect of three factors. This paper proposed thecalculation method of the coefficient of sliding friction.
(5)According to Bernoulli and momentum equations of the flow, this paperrespectively gives the calculation method of the under-suction and lifting forces in theopening and closing process. And it applies mathematical model to verify the abovecalculation method.
(6) On the one hand, considering of the sediment dry bulk density in the frontgate, porosity of the sediment, silt sediment properties (such as: the finer sediment ofclay, fine silt, etc.), the contact area of the sediment and the gate, the sediment thelevel pressure, walking-bearing friction, under-suction and the sediment in the top ofthe door and grillage, etc, the paper proposes the lifting-force calculation method ofthe plane and radial gate in the siltation. And it uses measured-data to verify the abovecalculation method. On the other hand, based on Visual Basic program-development-platform, database, graphics processing, document generation, and simulation ofcomputer technology, this paper develops the DP-1.0design simulation platform.
引文
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