摘要
消费性电子资金划拨是伴随着金融电子化出现的一种资金转移方式。在消费性电子资金划拨中,由于消费者的弱势地位和格式合同的存在,消费者的权益往往难以得到有效保护。我国虽然于1999年3月颁布了《银行卡业务管理办法》,专门对消费性电子资金划拨进行调整,但由于一些主客观原因,使得其在保护消费者权益方面的作用极其有限。
鉴于我国现行立法的不足之处,需要我们借鉴外国成功的立法的实际操作的宝贵经验,尤其是美国和英国在这方面的采取的措施。美国早在1978年就制定了保护消费者利益的《联邦电子资金移动法》,并强调披露原则。联邦储备委员会制定的《E条例》和《Z条例》更是对消费者的责任限制、错误更正、信息披露、金融机构的责任和格式合同等进行了详细的规定。英国没有像美国一样的专门调整消费性电子资金划拨的法律规范,它对消费性电子资金划拨中消费者的保护主要体现在对不公平合同条款管制方面,同时依赖银行业的自律,1992年由英国银行家协会等民间团体共同公布的《银行业惯例守则》对维护消费者的利益起了较大的作用。
为了发展电子商务,增强消费者进行网上支付的信心,建立和完善我国的消费性电子资金划拨的法律制度已显得非常重要,也是刻不容缓。对于我国来说,不仅要借鉴美国现行的调整消费性电子资金划拨的单行法规和相关法律,也要重视英国在制定法、判例法及行业惯例中对格式合同的管制。取两者之所长,根据本国的实际情况,形成自己的电子资金划拨立法模式。这一模式的基本思路应包括两个方面,一是把制定单行的消费性电子资金划拨法与完善和制定相关法律结合起来。二是把银行业的自律性管理与法律的强制性规定结合起来。在指导思想上,应贯彻三项原则,即以社会利益为本位、平衡消费者和银行的利益、国际化与本土化相结合。
Consumer electronic funds transfer (CEFT) is a kind of mode of funds transfer which emerged with the electronic finance. In the consumer electronic funds transfer, consumer’s benefits are usually hard to get valid protection because of consumer’s minor position and the presence of model contract. Although our country promulgated the “Bank Card Business Management” in March 1999, its function is very limited in aspect of protecting consumer as some subjective and objective reasons.
Owing to our country’s shortcoming in current legislations, we should borrow foreign country’s successful legislations and practices, especially British and American measures in this respect. Early in 1978 America established “The Federal Electronic Fund Transfer Act”, and emphasized the principle of disclosure. Federal Reserve instituted “Regulation E” and “Regulation Z”, stipulated particularly consumer’s limitation of liability, correction of mistake, disclosure, financial organization’s duty and model contract. Britain has not specialized laws to adjust consumer electronic funds transfer, which protecting consumer’s benefits embody regulations over the inequity contract items , at the same time depends on the self-discipline of the banking. In 1992, the English Banker Association publicized “Code of Banking Practice” ,it makes greater impact on protecting consumer’s benefits.
In order to develop the electronic commerce, strengthen the confidence that consumer proceed internet payment, there are very important and urgent that we establish and perfect our country’s consumer electronic funds transfer law system. As far as our country is concerned, not only draws lessons from American current single code and related law, but also pay attention to the regulations over the inequity contract items from statue, case law and profession tradition. Using their excellences and according our country’s actual circumstance, then forming our electronic funds transfer lawmaking mode. The basic thinking should include two aspects, the first one is that
combine the single consumer electronic funds transfer law in establishment with perfecting and constituting related laws. The second one is that integrate the self-discipline management of the banking with legal mandatory provisions. In guiding thought, should carry through three principles, namely social benefits as the basis, equilibrium consumer and bank’s benefits, combine internationalization with localization.
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